人体解剖结构的新型系统模型：一种受工程学启发的理论框架

文章题目： 人体解剖结构的新型系统模型：一种受工程学启发的理论框架

作者： Zhiren Zhou*

作者单位： 独立研究者，加拿大多伦多

通讯作者： Zhiren Zhou，独立研究者，加拿大多伦多

引用本文： Zhiren Zhou*，人体解剖结构的新型系统模型：一种受工程学启发的理论框架。Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 2026 31(4) AJBSR.MS.ID.004058, DOI: 10.34297/AJBSR.2026.31.004058

收稿日期： 2026年6月17日

出版日期： 2026年6月26日

许可协议： 本作品采用知识共享署名4.0国际许可协议（Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License）AJBSR.MS.ID.004057。

摘要

本文提出了一种人体解剖结构的新型系统模型，主要由四部分组成：层次化设计方法、皮-核二分（SCD）模型、全覆盖接口模型和性别控制扇区（GCS），打破了传统人体解剖学的范式。本文的主要贡献包括：

基于工程学的解剖设计方法论： 受集成电路架构中层次化设计和输入/输出（I/O）逻辑的启发，将人体重新构建为一个可扩展、可设计的系统，使人体解剖学从形态学中解放出来。

提出皮-核二分（SCD）模型： 将人体重新定义为由皮肤和裸露核心两大模块组成的系统。该模型突破了传统的解剖学分割方式。

全覆盖接口架构： 设计了一套完整的接口逻辑系统，覆盖人体所有子系统，反映人体全息映射的多态混合信号。

建立性别控制扇区（GCS）： 一个可编程子区域，实现性别特异性模块化控制和即插即用式切换。

界定四个移行区： 作为独立功能区块，强调四个移行区在系统整合中的作用。

跨物种及普适性： 该系统模型不仅适用于人类，也适用于其他生物体甚至非生命系统（GCS除外），实现了模态表达的统一框架。

哲学基础： 该模型体现了“万能转化”的原理，为医学发展提供了新的方法论和本体论视角。

关键词： 层次化设计、皮-核二分（SCD）、接口设计、性别控制扇区（GCS）、解剖工程学

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引言

自1543年比利时医生安德烈亚斯·维萨里（Andreas Vesalius）的《人体构造》（De humani Corporis Fabrica）出版以来，人体解剖学已发展为一门系统而成熟的学科。人类的思维也因此被禁锢于既有框架之中，很少有人试图从其根基上寻求重大突破。当今，人体解剖学呈现出以下根本性不足：

第一，无论是局部解剖学、系统解剖学、显微解剖学，还是其他任何分支，该学科始终根植于物质形态学和描述性科学[1,2]，其核心目标是对可观察的生物结构进行描述和分类。虽然这种范式很好地服务于临床诊断和外科实践，但它限制了我们以工程系统的视角重新诠释人体的能力——人体不仅由器官和组织构成，更由可互操作的功能模块组成，这些模块能够进行信号传输、外部交互和系统适应。

第二，传统解剖学——无论是局部还是系统解剖学——均未在其组成部分之间建立起完整且明确的接口逻辑。系统解剖学，无论按中国传统的9系统还是西方传统的11系统划分，都对每个系统的内部组成进行了详细描述，但并未定义系统之间的正式接口。动脉系统如何沿特定神经血管束与神经系统对接？淋巴管如何在胸导管处与静脉系统耦合？这些跨系统连接——正是这些通路使人体成为一个整合整体而非孤立系统的集合——在现有体系中仍属隐含，仅在局部解剖学中以零散经验描述，从未被形式化为完整的接口网络。其后果是深远的：缺乏一个正式定义的、全覆盖的人体接口图谱，我们就无法完整把握人体作为整合系统的工作机制；无法全面捕获人体的全部信息架构；无法完整解释跨系统边界传播的疾病机制；临床诊断也始终具有内在的片面性，治疗针对的是孤立的症状而非系统功能失调。

第三，局部解剖学受限于头、颈、躯干、上肢和下肢的五分块模型，阻碍了对皮肤自主性及其接口功能以及移行区作用的理解。这些分区之间的边界——如颈胸交界处或骨盆-髋关节界面——恰恰是接口逻辑最为密集、临床问题（如胸腹联合伤）最为频发之处。然而传统解剖学仅将这些区域视为简单边界，而非其自身具有功能意义的模块。

第四，性别转换在临床和解剖学语境中将日益重要，缺乏正式界定的性别控制扇区（GCS）不利于性别转换技术的系统发展，也不利于性别特异性解剖建模。传统解剖学将两性异形要么作为通用模板（隐含为男性）的事后注释，要么作为一系列孤立的“变异”，而非作为身体蓝图中可配置的结构特征。

为解决上述四个问题，本文提出一种新的人体结构系统模型

第一，本文借鉴集成电路架构[3,4]，采用自上而下的层次化设计方法，摒弃传统形态学复制。提出了人体结构的六层架构，并理解更深层次可在未来工作中细化的可能性。在此层次化框架中，每一层以及每一层内的每个功能块均通过明确定义的接口逻辑相连接，确保整个结构可表示为一个完整、连通的图[5-19]。

第二，在人体表面引入全覆盖接口模型，以实现多态及混合信号的全息映射。多态指物质的四种基本状态——固态、液态、气态和等离子态——以及其他特殊状态；混合信号涵盖声音信号、光信号和电信号。将气体作为主要信号模态之一，反映了气体信号分子——一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化碳（CO）和硫化氢（H?S）——作为可自由跨膜扩散的内源性信号分子的既定生理学作用[Mustafa 等，2009；Kolluru 等，2017][20,21]。通过在每一解剖边界——从皮肤-环境界面到最深层的神经血管门径——定义明确的I/O接口，该模型将人体从隐含的零件组装转变为显式连接的拓扑图。理论上，这使构建一个完整、分层的人体解剖连接图谱成为可能——其中每一节点（结构/区域）和每一条边（接口/信号通路）都被形式化指定。

第三，本文提出一个概念独特的新模型：皮-核二分（SCD）模型，将人体划分为两个自治而又高度整合的系统——皮肤和裸露核心。在该模型中，人体是一个皮肤、核心和环境的三重耦合系统；皮肤被重新定义为一个完整的、主动的、双面接口系统：所有外表面作为面向环境的接口，所有内表面作为面向核心的接口。SCD模型提供了一种更高阶的二部视图，独立于传统的9系统或11系统分类，且同时归属于局部解剖学和系统解剖学范畴——这种双重归属彰显了其整合潜力。

SCD模型作为局部解剖学的主要模型；传统五分块模型降为次要模型，并通过增加四个移行功能区——颅颈交界、颈胸交界、肩腋复合体和盆髋界面——修改为九分块模型。这些移行区代表了接口概念本身的解剖学具象——它们是多个系统汇聚、神经血管束穿越区域之间、接口逻辑最为密集的所在。

第四，本文设立了性别控制扇区（GCS），嵌入皮肤和核心两大系统中。GCS是一个可编程子区域，负责编码性别特异性接口逻辑。通过将性别不作为生物学“变异”而是作为可配置的结构参数——通过I/O接口模型中的变量X来操作化——SCD框架将两性异形整合入身体蓝图的核心逻辑之中，而非作为事后附加。由此形成了以层次化设计、SCD模型、接口逻辑和GCS架构为支柱的新型人体结构系统模型，将人体解剖学从描述性形态学转变为可编程的工程设计。它能够全息映射多态及混合信号，突破传统解剖结构划分，并具备性别可插拔性。人体由此被呈现为一个模块化的、可扩展的、可设计的系统——一个可通过工程语言进行分析、重构和优化的系统。

对医学的基础意义。 本文提出的全覆盖接口理论不仅是解剖学建模的方法论创新，更是整个医学理论的概念性突破。如果人体不能被表示为一个完整的、连通的、分层的拓扑图，则我们对人体生理功能的把握仍不完整；我们对跨系统边界传播的疾病机制的理解仍是碎片化的；临床诊断始终具有内在的片面性——治疗孤立的症状而非系统功能失调。本文提出的接口框架指向了一个方向：人工智能通过逐步完善更深层、更精细级别的接口图谱，可渐近地逼近完整的人体解剖连接图谱。这将为医学从局部的、基于症状的诊断向真正的系统性、接口感知诊断的转变铺平道路——这一转变将人体从孤立章节的集合解读为一部完整的、完全连通的叙事。该范式为未来的可编程生物系统、性别特异性再生疗法、医学美学以及人-非人混合信号架构奠定了理论基础。

Zhiren Zhou*

Independent Researcher, Toronto, Canada

*Corresponding author: Zhiren Zhou, Independent Researcher, Toronto, Canada.

To Cite This article: Zhiren Zhou*, A Novel System Model of Human Body Anatomical Structures: An Engineering-Inspired Theoretical 

Framework. Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 2026 31(4) AJBSR.MS.ID.004058, DOI: 10.34297/AJBSR.2026.31.004058

Received: June 17, 2026 Published: 26-06-2026

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License AJBSR.MS.ID.004057.

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel system model of human anatomical structures, which mainly consists of four parts: hierarchical 

design method, Skin-Core Dichotomy (SCD) model, full-coverage interface model, and Gender Control Sector (GCS), breaking the 

traditional paradigm of human anatomy. Key contributions of the paper include:

Engineering-Based Anatomical Design Methodology: Inspired by hierarchical design and I/O logic from integrated circuit 

architecture, the human body is restructured as a scalable and designable system, freeing human anatomy from morphology.

Proposal of the Skin-Core Dichotomy (SCD) model: Which redefines the human body as a system composed of two major 

modules: the skin and the denuded core. This model breaks away from traditional anatomical segmentation.

Full-Coverage Interface Architecture: A comprehensive interface logic system is designed to cover all human subsystems, 

reflecting the polymorphic mixed signal of human body holographic mapping.

Establishment of the Gender Control Sector (GCS): A programmable sub-region that enables sex-specific modular control 

and plug-in switching.

Designation of Four Transitional Zones: As independent functional blocks, emphasizing the role of four transitional zones in 

systemic integration.

Cross-Species and Universal Applicability: This system model is applicable not only to humans but also to other organisms 

and even non-living systems (excluding GCS), enabling a unified framework for modal expression.

Philosophical Foundation: The model embodies the principle of “universal transformation,” offering a new methodological 

and ontological perspective for medical development.

Keywords: Hierarchical design, Skin-core dichotomy (SCD), Interface design, Gender control sector (GCS), Anatomical engineering.

Abbreviation: SCD: Skin-Core Dichotomy; GCS: Gender Control Sector; I/O: Input/Output; SGCS: Skin Gender Control 

Introduction

Since the publication of Belgian physician Andreas Vesalius’s 

*De humani Corporis Fabrica* in 1543, human anatomy has evolved 

into a systematic and mature discipline. Human thinking has 

become confined within established frameworks, with few seeking 

major breakthroughs from its foundations. Today, human anatomy 

exhibits the following fundamental weaknesses:

**First**, whether in regional, systemic, microscopic anatomy, 

or any other branch, the discipline remains rooted in material 

morphology and descriptive science [1,2], with its core objective 

being the description and classification of observable biological 

structures. While this paradigm has served clinical diagnosis and 

surgical practice well, it limits our ability to reinterpret the human 

body as an engineered system-one composed not only of organs 

and tissues, but of interoperable functional modules capable of 

signal transmission, external interaction, and systemic adaptation.

**Second**, traditional anatomy-both regional and systematic-

has not established a complete and explicit interface logic between 

its constituent parts. Systematic anatomy, whether organized into 

9 systems (as in the Chinese tradition) or 11 systems (as in the 

Western tradition), provides detailed descriptions of each system’s 

internal components. However, it does not define formal interfaces 

*between* systems. How does the arterial system interface with the 

nervous system along a specific neurovascular bundle? How do the 

lymphatic vessels couple with the venous system at the thoracic 

duct? These cross-system connections-the very pathways that make 

the human body an integrated whole rather than a collection of 

isolated systems-remain implicit, described anecdotally in regional 

anatomy but never formalized as a complete interface network. The 

consequence is profound: without a formally defined, full-coverage 

interface map of the human body, we lack a complete grasp of how 

the body works as an integrated system; we cannot fully capture the 

body’s total information architecture; we cannot comprehensively 

explain disease mechanisms that propagate across system 

boundaries; and clinical diagnosis remains inherently partial, 

with treatments targeting isolated symptoms rather than systemic 

dysfunctions.

**Third**, regional anatomy is constrained by the five-block 

model of head, neck, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs, hindering 

understanding of skin’s autonomy and interface functions as well as 

the role of transition zones. The boundaries between these blocks-

such as the cervico-thoracic junction or the pelvic-hip interface-are 

precisely where interface logic is most dense and where clinical 

problems (such as thoracoabdominal combined injuries) most 

frequently arise. Yet traditional anatomy treats these zones as mere 

boundaries rather than as functional modules in their own right.

**Fourth**, gender transition will become increasingly 

important in both clinical and anatomical contexts, and the lack of 

a formally designated Gender Control Sector (GCS) is not conducive 

to the systematic development of gender transition technologies or 

sex-specific anatomical modeling. Traditional anatomy treats sexual 

dimorphism either as a post-hoc annotation to a generic (implicitly 

male) template or as a series of isolated “variations,” rather than as 

a configurable architectural feature of the body plan.

In Order to Solve the Above Four Problems, this Paper 

Proposes a Novel Human Structural System Model

**First**, this paper adopts a top-down hierarchical design 

methodology inspired by integrated circuit architecture [3,4], 

abandoning traditional morphological replication. A six-layer 

human body structure architecture is proposed, with the 

understanding that deeper layers may be elaborated in future 

work. In this hierarchical framework, every layer and every 

functional block within each layer is connected through explicitly 

defined interface logic, ensuring that the entire structure can be 

represented as a complete, connected graph [5-19].

**Second**, a full-coverage interface model is introduced on the 

human body surface to realize holographic mapping of multi-state 

and mixed signals. Multi-state refers to the four fundamental states 

of matter-solid, liquid, gas, and plasma-along with other special 

states; mixed signals encompass sound signals, light signals, and 

electrical signals. The inclusion of gas as a primary signal modality 

reflects the established physiological role of gasotransmitters-

Nitric Oxide (NO), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Hydrogen Sulfide 

(H?S)-as endogenous signaling molecules that diffuse freely across 

membranes [Mustafa et al., 2009; Kolluru et al., 2017] [20,21]. By 

defining explicit I/O interfaces at every anatomical boundary-

from the skin-environment interface to the deepest neurovascular 

portals-this model transforms the human body from an implicit 

assembly of parts into an explicitly connected topological graph. 

Theoretically, this enables the construction of a form-a complete, 

hierarchical map of human anatomical connectivity-in which every 

node (structure/region) and every edge (interface/signal pathway) 

is formally specified.

**Third**, this paper proposes a conceptually distinct model: 

the Skin-Core Dichotomy (SCD) model, which divides the human 

body into two autonomous yet highly integrated systems-the 

skin and the denuded core. In this model, the human body is a 

triple-coupled system of skin, core, and environment; the skin is 

redefined as a complete, active, dual-surfaced interface system: all 

external surfaces serve as environment-facing interfaces, while all 

internal surfaces serve as core-facing interfaces. The SCD model 

provides a higher-order bipartite view that is independent of the 

traditional 9-system or 11-system classification, and it falls under 

the categories of both regional anatomy and systematic anatomy-a 

dual affiliation that underscores its integrative potential.

The SCD model serves as the primary model for regional 

anatomy; the traditional five-block model is downgraded to a 

secondary model and modified to a nine-block model by adding 

four transitional functional zones: cranio-cervical junction, 

cervico-thoracic junction, shoulder-axillary complex, and pelvic-

hip interface. These transitional zones represent the anatomical 

instantiation of the interface concept itself-they are the loci where 

multiple systems converge, where neurovascular bundles traverse 

between regions, and where the interface logic is most dense.

**Fourth**, this paper establishes the Gender Control Sector 

(GCS), which is embedded within both the skin and core systems. 

GCS is a programmable sub-region responsible for encoding sex-

specific interface logic. By treating gender not as a biological 

“variation” but as a configurable architectural parameter-

operationalized through the variable X in the I/O interface model-

the SCD framework integrates sexual dimorphism into the core 

logic of the body plan rather than appending it as an afterthought. 

A novel human structural system model is formed with hierarchical 

design, SCD model, interface logic and GCS architecture as pillars, 

transforming human anatomy from descriptive morphology to 

programmable engineering design. It can holographically map 

multi-state and mixed signals, break through the traditional 

anatomical structure division, and has gender pluggability. The 

human body is rendered as a modular, scalable, and designed 

system-one that can be analyzed, reconfigured, and optimized 

through engineering languages.

**Foundational Significance for Medicine. ** The full-

coverage interface theory proposed in this paper represents not 

merely a methodological innovation in anatomical modeling, but a 

conceptual breakthrough for medical theory as a whole. If the human 

body cannot be represented as a complete, connected, hierarchical 

topological graph, then our grasp of human physiological function 

remains incomplete; our understanding of disease mechanisms 

that propagate across system boundaries remains fragmented; 

and clinical diagnosis remains inherently partial-treating isolated 

symptoms rather than systemic dysfunctions. The interface 

framework advanced here points toward a direction in which 

artificial intelligence, by progressively completing deeper and finer 

levels of the interface graph, can asymptotically approach a complete 

anatomical connectivity map of the human body. This would pave 

the way for medicine to transition from localized, symptom-

based diagnosis to truly systemic, interface-aware diagnosis-a 

shift from reading the body as a collection of isolated chapters 

to understanding it as a single, fully connected narrative. This 

paradigm lays the theoretical foundation for future programmable 

biological systems, sex-specific regenerative therapies, medical 

aesthetics, and hybrid human-nonhuman signal architectures.