俄乌战争终结,改写世界秩序 ——交互主体共生重塑“国际关系学”
俄乌战争终结,改写世界秩序
——交互主体共生重塑“国际关系学”
Intersubjective Symbiosism Reshapes “International Relations”
钱 宏Archer Hong Qian
(Intersubjective Symbiosism Foundation)
题记:迈克尔·波兰尼(Michael Polanyi)说,“任何试图严格地从我们关于世界图景中去掉人类视角的做法都必定会导致荒谬”,照此,任何试图严格从“国家行为体”中清除“个人权能及其生命自组织力与外连接平衡力”的政治说教或理论建构,都终究会让世界陷入灾祸!
目 录
从战国时代的国家行为体定位说起
现行国际关系学的认知缺失
国际关系理论的再认识
“小即是美”的国家形态将应运而生
终止俄乌战争的第三条道路
国际关系学将面临范式重塑
国际关系学的社会再平衡理论
从战国时代的国家行为体定位说起
美国著名的国际政治学理论大家Richard Ned Lebow说过,“国际政治思想与世界上最早出现的独立政治共同体一样古老”(2008)。
华夏战国时代的“国际关系学”,有两大流派:一是《东周列国志》“保国莫如安民,安民莫如择交”,身披六国相印的苏秦说:“安民之本,在于择交,择交而得则民安,择交而不得则民终身不安”。二是《商君书》 “驭民”五术(壹民、弱民、疲民、辱民、贫民,五术皆不灵,杀之)以强国,所以,国际关系学的研究对象——“国家行为体”的行为本身,有对内对外的两面,而且,国家行为体两面的核心,都是用什么样的权谋治理这个国家的人民——择交安民或驭民强国!
众所周知,驭民强国的权谋式国际关系学,经过商鞅-李斯-始皇变法,搞“刑徒经济”,国是强了,比拼杀人多寡的奴隶变成了将军(如白起,一次活埋40万赵国降军),择交安民的权谋国际关系学彻底失败了。但吊诡的是,“驭民强国”的权谋国际关系学,也让灭了六国后的秦帝国“行为体”,实行“度同制、车同轨、书同文、行同伦、地同域”六大同而无当的中央集权之郡县制,虽然“方便统治”,结果支撑不起庞大官僚机器的折腾,只能“杀鸡取卵”“竭泽而渔”“坐吃山空”,存续了600年的秦国,“二世而亡”,东方大地人口减少四分之三,也消解了华夏最后一点贵气。
此后,这一流派的权谋(伪装+巫术),依然屡屡得手,但捣腾了二十六圈,走不出历史的循环旋涡。
不过,“择交安民或驭民强国”权谋式国际关系学是两面古镜,如果拿来照一下当代国际社会,依然可以隐约照出当今“两种国家行为体”的影子,一是所谓“主权在民的国家”,一是所谓“主权在官的国家”!
这样照,也许不足为训。若将这两种权谋式国际关系学,放在现代宪政政治(Constitutionalism)语境,即放在1215年“大宪章运动”之后的《权利法案》(1688)和《宽容法案》(1689),特别是放在三十年战争后《威斯特伐利亚和约》(1648)与二战后《世界人权宣言》(1948)世界秩序中,可以发现,国际关系学的关键问题,就是国家行为体如何处理主权(官权)与人权(民权)的关系?国际关系,也是人际关系。也就是在思维方式和价值取向上承不承认一个逻辑大前提,即:主权存在的前提是人权,人权是主权国家的目的,在Constitutionalism的制约下,其他理性非理性工具,包括权谋、法度制序、科技发明、人文倾向、产品-服务经济,乃至法币、代币、UN、NW、通讯-运载-资源、Web、AI-AGI等,可以限制或发挥主权,也可以限制或促进人权,关键在于采用什么样的哲学认知。
今天,核能、运载工具、AI和生物工程有巨大的能量,却没有与这能量所匹配的智慧——爱之智慧。笛卡尔二元对立认知之前的世代,智慧之爱的神性(整体统一),压倒了人性、理性,之后至今,理性(系统、工程、工具)又压倒了神性,以至于近一个半世纪以来模拟未来的工作,从哲学家转到工程师、政客和野心家手中,而人性始终在多元、生态中随波逐流,方向不明,善恶难辨。
俄乌战争引发世界主题从“和平与发展”到“战争与冲突”转变之际,观察各国际国内关系中的“驭民与安民”“谋交与择交”“东方与西方”“左派与右派”“官粹(Elitism)与民粹(Populism)”“自由(狂者)与保守(狷者)”及其保国与强国之道理法术,皆为主客二元对立思维,且行使主权行为的统治者(官)以主体(Subject)自居,把当行人权行为的被统治者(民)为客体(Object)处理之意识形态,严重不适合走出理性工具“失灵又失控”的危险情势,特别是当AI+生物工程由外在生活,进入到人体、进入到人心内在,直接影响人类生存生活方式。
工程师与哲学家需要重新携手共进。语言大模型、脑机接口编程、主权-人权定位,必须获得哲学的支撑与融合,对未来的时代,达成富有爱之智慧的共识,并制定富有爱之智慧的决策和公约,让AI成就爱,让人性、理性、神性成为交互主体共生的关系过程,方能避免自然生态(包括人体内在)危机与社会生态(包括多元文化)危机引发毁灭的生态战争——不排除真的爆发“第三次世界大战”,甚至不排除人类社会现行国际关系,将裹挟第5次大灭绝以来,存续了近6000万年的所有地球生灵遭受“人类世灭绝”(Anthropocene extinction)的可能——为大家带来福祉!
在《共生简史·宇宙之子》(2018)一书,我们专门收录了美国科学网站io9.com写出《第六次大灭绝》Annalie Nevitz女士,该书的副标题是:“人类能挺过去吗?”
现行国际关系学的认知缺失
是的,“人类能挺过去吗?”
综合欧美国际关系学的新老现实主义、新老自由主义或理性主义、新老革命主义三大流派,尽管说词上有很大变化,但有一点没有变而且具有共通性,这就是把国家行为体,作为支配主权-人权-理性工具的当然主体,突破或搁置Constitutionalism对国家行为体的权力的限制,简言之,就是在其行所谓“资本主义”,还是行“社会主义”抑或行“国家主义”的问题上,“英雄不问出处”,完全不问行为是否行得通。
国际关系学中,有个“Talleyrand”式玩世不恭和狡猾的外交,是指多才多艺,能娴熟处理国际事务,并产生影响力,同时作出一系列背信弃义之事。塔列朗依次背叛了旧制度、法国大革命、拿破仑又参与波旁复辟。中国人对此有一句很概括的话,叫做“识时务者为俊杰”。比如着有《领袖们》和《世界秩序》的基辛格认为,不必考虑每个国家的政治制度,也不考虑它是否尊重人权,为了自己的利益可以跟任何一个国家有新的关系。所以,他反过来指责川普与拜登将道德原则置于利益之上。基辛格就是20世纪的塔列朗式国际关系学代表人物。
当今世界各国家行为体,在政治制度上有如下选择:一种是做大蛋糕,“大家有饭吃”,无需掌勺人,大家各自创新,且互通有无;一种是分匀蛋糕,“有饭大家吃”,必有掌勺人,统一规划大家,且往往内卷。一个是智慧-增量-创新思维,与民休养生息;一个是权谋-存量-均平思维,与官横征暴敛。这貌似正好说明所谓的资本主义(大家有饭吃)与社会主义(有饭大家吃)的区别。根本区别在于:以权力为轴心的“Our own men”和以权利为规范的“We the people”。
特别“有饭大家吃”的社会主义,往往落入不管有无蛋糕,不管大家有没有饭吃,算政治账不算经济账的“光宗耀祖主义”(Nationalism)。这种权谋-存量-均平思维,有文化基础:易经八卦菜根谭、孙子兵法弟子规、奇门遁甲厚黑学,增广贤文三字经。当代中国的聪明人,又拿来作人生规划、作政治谋局、作市场预测、作企业管理,火眼金睛、耳听八方、无孔不入、竞相清场,走自己的路,让别人无路可走。但是,最后却依旧是要么自己无路可走,要么大家同归于尽!
但事实上很吊诡:现行民本位的资本主义,“大家有饭吃”,是真,社会整体财富是一个集腋成裘的过程,大家饱而温,必存同(权利)尊异(宽容),大家各显神通。因为只要是公寓于私的民本位,实际就必然会助长社会自组织力——有社会的资本主义;现行官本位的社会主义,“有饭大家吃”,为假,社会整体财富是一个坐吃山空的结果,大家饥且寒,必有人毁契坏约,谋求独食特权操纵垄断一切,大家沦为韭菜或炮灰。因为只要是结党营私的官本位,实际就必然要消灭社会资本活力——无社会的社会主义!
顺便说一句,国际关系学界、美西方政客和资本家,很少有人注意到(有证据表明川普可能是个例外):如果不是发生了2014-2022俄罗斯背弃《布达佩斯备忘录》中的承诺,悍然入侵乌克兰的战争,冷战结束,改制后至2000年普京接手的俄罗斯联邦,到2008年梅德韦杰夫当选第5任总统时,俄罗斯联邦其实实验着一条介乎“有社会的资本主义”和“无社会的社会主义”两者之间的“有社会有资本的国家主义”路线,并在民生上取得相当可观的成绩(见2009年世界银行报告,及《原德:大国哲学》,2012)。这在我看来,对于热衷于“和平与发展”世界主题的国际社会,是一个极大的历史反讽!
凡活物皆有趋利避害之本能,何况是人?所以:不能Live and let live(自己活,也让别人活),互助;必将Evil and let evil(自己邪恶,也让别人邪恶),互害。所以,吊诡之谜,就在国家行为体的立国立身之本,在民,还是在官?在社会,还是在党团?在哲学认知上,是主客二元对立,还是交互主体共生(Intersubjective Symbiosism)?
其实,当代人能不能挺得过“Anthropocene extinction”?取决于这个评判优劣好坏文明野蛮的Intersubjective Symbiosism哲学常识的认知。
甭管叫什么主义,喊啥口号,给何种政治承诺?放在这个哲学常识中,鉴别一下先现行国际关系理论三大流派价值侧重点虽有所不同,而且顺带关注非国家行为体和国际组织,但其共同的研究的主要对象是“国家行为体”。正因为如此,也就注定了他们存在一个共同的认知缺失。
这个认知缺失就是,对任何以主体(Subject)自居,而视异己者(包括其他“国家行为体”、有生命的个体和自然社区环境)为其任意支配、掠夺的客体对象(Object),进而引发的国际、人际冲突乃至侵略战争,国际关系学要么持现实的、理性的接受姿态,要么持革命的、整体的容忍、绥靖,甚至纵容立场,而对普遍个体生命的社会发生学、动力学、恊和学意义,抱持忽略不计的态度,从而导致强权者,对他国主权存在的随意性和国际关系的不确定性(如昔日纳粹当年对捷克、奥地利的合并,苏德对波兰的瓜分,今日普京对乌克兰的所谓“特别军事行动”,10.7爆发的哈以冲突,采取迁就或反对的法理解释,而提不出任何学理方向性的解决方法);同时,对“人权-主权-多元生态”交互主体状态,存在盲区,因而对国际、人际事态的发展,作“马后炮”解释,而缺乏预见性。前者表现在对一战、苏俄革命、二战、国共内战、柬埔寨屠杀、冷战、俄乌战争的发生发展,或语焉不详,或无所作为,或众说纷纭马后炮;后者集中表现在对冷战的结束,联合国安全理事会“大国一致原则”的一再失效,人权-主权-多元冲突,特别是对飞机、手机、卫星、Web、计算机、AI等运载、通讯工具、非化石能源等对国际、人际社会生产生活方式的影响及其发展方向的不确定性,没有一种国际关系学理论,有所预见!
国际关系理论的再认识
综合维基百科的表述,国际关系学(International Relations)也称国际事务(International affairs, IA),是对世界体系及其相互作用的研究。作为政治学的一部分,国际关系也和哲学、经济学、历史学、法学、地理学、人类学、社会学、心理学研究紧密联系。从全球化到主权、人权、领土纠纷、核危机、民族主义、恐怖主义、气候变化、贫困饥饿、及独立政治共同体、非国家行为体、国际组织(联合国、欧盟、非盟、跨国自由贸易区),都是国际关系学研究的议题。
国际关系学的学科自觉,源自一战。1919年英国威尔士阿鲍里斯特威斯大学设立国际关系教席被视为学科初步创立的标志。1927年,伦敦政治经济学院的国际政治院系与日内瓦高级国际关系学院同时建立。1928年,美国第一个提供国际关系研究生课程的学校,是芝加哥大学的国际关系委员会,国际关系学科逐渐成熟。
自2000年后,国际关系理论领域形成了现实主义(Realism)、自由主义(Liberalism)或理性主义(Rationalism)、建构主义(Constructivism)三强并举的局面。目前,国际关系学的研究对象包括主权国家、非国家行为体和国际组织等。三大流派各有侧重地分析政治、历史、社会和全球发展从观念到事件的影响,研究一系列“全球性问题”之间的联系,如国家行为体及人权、气候变化、贫困、饥饿、不平和战争等等。
但在国际关系学形成学科之前,人们就对国际关系问题有过多种思考。本文开头讲到“择交安民”或“安民强国”都涉及到国际关系。这里结合英国国际关系学家马丁·怀特对国际关系思想传统的梳理,再来简要回顾一下过往国际关系学传统。
在修昔底德、马基雅维利、让·博丹、霍布斯、大卫·休谟、黑格尔现实主义传统看来,国际关系处于一种无政府状态,众多的主权独立国家都不承认有高于自己本国政治权威的存在,所以最后国际问题的最终解决方案是战争。现实主义传统的核心人物霍布斯认为,在一个社会内由于自然状态会陷入“每个人对每个人的战争”,所以产生了社会契约来保障和平,人民把一部分权力让渡给主权者。但他指出这种社会契约在国家这种政治单元之间是不可能达成的:“每一个共和国都拥有绝对的自由,对于那些有利于国家利益的事情,他们就可为所欲为”。
与现实主义形成对比的是理性主义或自由主义传统,格劳秀斯、约翰·洛克、边沁、埃德蒙·伯克、约翰·斯图尔特·密尔以及伍德罗·威尔逊等认为,国际关系首先是一种国际交易,主权国家之间政治,被一种制度的、持续的、有组织的外交和贸易关系所主导和制约。格劳秀斯和约翰·洛克为代表的理性主义或自由主义坚持,自然状态并不像霍布斯认为的那样必然导致战争,“自然状态尽管是一种自由状态,但绝对不是一种放任状态”。因为人的本性中有群居的需要——与同类共同过和平而符合理性的生活,而战争实际上是一种非理性的表现。
国际关系学中革命主义传统的代表人物是卢梭、康德、马克思主义者和无政府主义者。尽管他们意识形态风马牛不相及,但他们都有一个信念:虽然不存在超越国家的权威,但所有的国家组成了一个道德和文化整体,并且指定了某种基于道德和文化的规则和法律义务。革命主义传统总是运用规范性的语言探讨国际关系,并期望一种“大同世界”。如康德在《论永久和平》中便认为,在理性的推动下,各种政治实体的无法兼容的个性反而会推动他们走出战争状态,并进入一个“国际联盟”的时代。在马克思主义者(不等于马克思)看来,国际关系只是世界共同体历史进程中的一个时期,在未来的历史运动和阶级斗争中,国家将不复存在,无产阶级所代表的全人类将建立一个消灭了资产阶级连带它自己的“无阶级性的全球社会”。
但是,无论是现实主义,还是理性主义或自由主义、革命主义传统,抑或建构主义,都暗含了一个认识论上的缺陷,这就是主客二元对立,而且主体(Subject)操纵、主导、支配客体(Object)。
这个轴心主体,即国家行为体,在现实主义那里,是“国家实力”;在理性主义或自由主义那里,是“有组织的交易”;在革命主义那里,是“道德文化整体”;而在建构主义(neo-classical constructivism、post-modernist constructivism和natural constructivism)那里,是“文化观念结构”。
需要注意的是,由于到20世纪80年代末90年代初,没有一种国际关系理论,预见到冷战格局的结束,这种对政治现实的无力,导致了哲学范式危机,国际关系学作为科学的可能性,及其知识框架,都遭到后实证主义(反思主义,忽视经验性的研究,也无法提出自己的实质性的理论)的解构,从而引发了国际关系理论建构以来,遵从现代社会科学的理性主义原则的自由主义、现实主义、革命主义与反思主义之间的范式之争。但是,这场被称为聋子间对话争论(双方的基本信念有着根本的差异),却形成了现在可与现实主义和自由主义相抗衡的新学派:建构主义学派(1989)——特别是让建构主义受到了学界广泛的关注。建构主义与理性主义不同,在于更加关注社会建构关系“如何可能”?而且,社会建构的关系主要依赖观念的力量,认为国际政治是行为体持有的一系列共有观念,这又与现实主义仅仅强调物质性权力不同。Alexander Wendt在《Social Theory of International Politics》(1999)中指出,这些观念的主要表现形式为文化,文化在国际社会发挥着各种各样的功能,比如塑造国家的身份和利益。但必须看到,观念在某种意义上更是权力(支配主体)的化身。
国际关系学,必须了解其研究对象本身存在的问题!因为这涉及当今世界最关键问题描述、解决方案与新生活方式。
二战后国际社会经历了且正在经历着:从1970年代的“世界经济滞胀”,到21世纪的诸般“全球性问题”(潘基文)及其文明、地缘、新技术冲突造成的“人权-主权-AI危机”概括一句话,即“全球共生危机”(Global Symbiosis Crisis),已然表明:建立在《威斯特伐利亚和约》与《世界人权宣言》基础上的世界秩序,需要与时俱进地重建。
基于此,我们自2012年至今,尝试通过“全球共生论坛”(GSF)形成国际社会的新共识,以达成一个具有“主权(官权)-人权(民权)-AI(工具理性)交互主体共生新规则”(New Rules for Sovereignty-Human Rights-AI Intersubjective Symbiosism)意义的《全球共生公约》(The Global Symbiosism Convention),“改造联合国”,成立“全球共生理事会”(Global Symbiosis Council),将“人权(民权)-主权(官权)-AI(理性工具)交互主体共生存在方式”(Human Rights-Sovereignty-AI Intersubjective Symbiosism Style of Existence),落在更具体的“小即是美”(Small is beautiful)的国家-组织-社区行为——人类未来生活方式创新与再选择上!
这样一来,不难发现“国家实力”、“有组织的交易”、“道德文化整体”、“文化观念结构”这些主体,就缺失了一个同时兼具发生学(Genetics)、动力学(Dynamics)、恊和学(Synergy)的根基,那就是:作为交互主体存在的个人权能。
而且,当现行国际关系学各大流派,分别强调“国家实力”、“有组织的交易”、“道德文化整体”抑或“文化观念结构”主体支配行为时,也就忽视了一最基本的事实:包括“国际关系”在内的“全部历史的第一个前提”,归根到底是“有生命的个人权能”之主体间性,才能相互激励、制约和促进,从而重塑人际-国际关系的正常态。
其实,只要回到生活本身,“有生命的个人权能”的存在方式,是“本自具足又非独存”,而且在天人(人与自然)、人我(人与社会)、心物(人与自己身心灵)三大关系上,体现出“和实生物,同则不继”生生不息的本质。因而,“个人权能”就落在了具体生命自组织力与外连接平衡力的交互主体共生(Intersubjective Symbiosis)过程之中。
一切脱离活生生的“个人权能”根基的“国家实力”、“有组织的交易”、“道德文化整体”抑或“观念结构”,都将整体沦为强制、绑架、支配个人权能的工具,因而缺失了交互主体Live and let live的正当性、尊严性、高尚性。
这也正是从全球化到主权、人权、领土纠纷、核危机、民族主义、恐怖主义、气候变化、贫困饥饿、及独立政治共同体、非国家行为体、国际组织(联合国、欧盟、非盟、阿盟、跨国自由贸易区)等,之所以成为国际关系学面临的当代问题时语焉不详的根源。另一方面,在人类从农耕文明,到工商文明,进而生态文明迭代之际,从机械时代、电气时代,走向AI时代之际,有生命的个人自组织与外连接平衡交互主体共生的事实,日益呈现为一种常态。
所以,国际关系理论本身面临重塑,尤其对世界的认知上,需要重新界定、设置、定位“三大关系”,完成从你我“自己人”到你我他(她、它、祂)全生态、全人称的存同尊异,间道竞合,降本赋能,赎福共生。
凡事交互主体共生(Everything Intersubjective Symbiosisim)。从人与自然(天人)、人与社会(人我)、人与自己(心物)三大关系看:
既不是“天人相分”,也不是“天人合一”,而是天人交互主体共生,因而需要重新界定人神、一多、个整、异同、德道、阴阳、潜显、虚实、体用、是非、有无、主客……关系;
既不是“人我对抗”,也不是“人我同一”,而是人我交互主体共生,因而需要重新设置人际、群际、国际、代际、东西、左右、正误、敌友、官民(含君臣、劳资、强弱)、康病、供需、义利、安危、威权自由、欲约规则、文信忠行……关系;
既不是“唯物主义”,也不是“唯心主义”,而是心物交互主体共生,因而需要重新定位时空、动静、明暗、规矩、宏微、真假、善恶、美丑、智愚、门墙或门窗、有间无间……关系。
三大关系认知转变的同时,我们欣喜地看到,机械时代、电气时代之后的15件改变人们生活方式(轨迹)的发明(手机、电脑、高铁、飞机、光导纤维、卫星、洗衣机、电视、汽车、液晶显示屏、地铁、电梯、空调、芯片、互联网),绝大部分集中在通讯、交通方面,这是为什么呢?进一步试想:人类实现了“通信全开放”、“交通(运载)全覆盖”,接下来必是,“能源全自足”,“三全”驱动下,人类生产生活从“降本赋能”到“稀缺性”的彻底解决,AGI-MindsNetwoking时代——一个趋零边际成本的共生社会,成为现实!
麻省理工学院(MIT)华裔研究生朱家迪等人开发出一种不会损坏芯片的低温生成工艺,可直接将 2D 半导体晶体集成在标准硅电路之上。而且,新技术还有两个优势:拥有更好的工艺+减少生成时间。
当“纳米自供电”或“微型核聚能”装置的AGI诞生,并迅速全面介入人类生活各个领域,提供便捷服务时,实行全民基本收入(Universal Basic Income,UBI)和追求物质财富不再是梦,以权利为灵魂的工商文明,将迭代为以共生为灵魂的生态文明,分享生活(主要是精神财富)创造的介质,不再是主权货币。代之而起的是,生态文明相应的超主权、超地缘、超界别(行业)富有“约定价值承兑能力”的共生币(比特币等超主权数字货币是其初级形式),在自治社区、分地域社区、地球社区(虚拟实体)——的全球流通!
观今鉴史,世界三大文明,陆权、海权、人权叠加又迭代,既是历时性演化进步结果,又呈共时性优化关系态势——农耕(陆权)文明:占有土地等资源,封邦建国,光宗耀祖,荫及儿孙近亲,律法之约;工商(海权)文明:占有资本等资源,轻关易道,通商宽农,人民相向服务,福音之约;生态(人权)文明:重资源转换效能,交互主体,自组织力,连接动态平衡,共生之约。
于是,身处不同文明状态的国家区域的人们,在思维方式、生产方式、生活方式,应当据此作出相应的结构性功能调整,自行淘优汰劣,融通世界,以生态文明消解生态轴心战争,以交互主体化解文化文明冲突,重建世界秩序,实现永久和平而全球共生!
“小即是美”的国家形态将应运而生
“小即是美”的新加坡当值总理李显龙,发表2024新年贺词中,比照世界各国情况与国际国内局势后说:“一些社会变得分裂和脆弱,是因为领导人将自身利益置于国家利益之上。”“在面对像以哈冲突这种有可能分化国人的课题时,我们必须继续包容和尊重彼此的观点。”
如果说,这个世界有病,那么,作为一个成熟的政治家,李显龙看到了国际族际冲突与民众信众脆弱分化的原因,是领导人——操纵Trust平台组织者的特权利益挤兑、侵吞国家、群体、个人利益的普遍情况的存在,而其因应之道,则是人与人、群体与群体、国家与国家间“包容和尊重彼此”。这是一种对症下药的价值取向,也是一种实事求是的思维方式。
这种思维方式和价值取向,上升到哲学层面,就是“交互主体共生”(Intersubjective Symbiosism)。
那么,何为“交互主体共生”思想?
首先,从人称上看,就是将现行“你我”(自己人)的“仁人世界观”,扩展为“你我他”(全息)的“仨人世界观”;
第二,在人类组织形态上,将以权力为轴心的“Our own men”排他性的“共同体”,拓展为以权利为规范的“We the people”全生态的共生体;
第三,在人类组织体量上,将大一统的举国体制(含大家族、大集团、帝国),转化为小即是美的社区、市场、政府三大自组织力联邦制。
国防大学教授马骏有句话叫“架子大没好下场”,他讲大俄罗斯、大塞维亚、大德意志、大日本都“无好下场”,他提出为什么要叫“大中华”?
从共生哲学上看,马骏说的“大”,就是主客二分自我中心的主体意识。这样的主体意识,在现实生活中即是以优先占有资源权能的主体(Subject)自居,而視他者(她它祂)为可支配可统治的客体(Object),因而必然追求国家行为体的大一统(政治大一统、经济大一统、文化大一统)。大一统的核心,是权力大一统、官阶大一统、资源大一统。大一统的背后,必是依靠自己人、小圈子维系,并为自己人、为小圈子服务的假公济私的病态的特权!
这种大而无当的文化之病、经济之病、政治之病,如今Web3-AI时代,生得很不合时宜!凡事都有边界,大而无当,小即是美,有道是“无度不丈夫”!
所以,喊“大”的结果反而是“小”,而强调“小即是美”的个人权能及生命自组织力与外连接平衡力、自然而然结构成社会权能,限制政府权能,才是真正的大且公义!
我们不妨超越或撇开民主、专制、独裁体制机制及其理念,观察最近孟加拉废除“配额预留制”,阿根廷废除“精英特权”,89中国“反官倒”,91“苏东巨变”,乌克兰成功抵抗俄罗斯入侵??不难发现,这些伟大的黑历史事件,都是解决一个国家“庞大上层建筑与超负荷经济基础基本矛盾”的重要一环。都是Intersubjective Symbiosism交互主体共生智慧的伟大胜利!
问题在于,具体到历史行进中,一个国家行为体,是否存在和葆有公民、社会、政府三大自组织力连接平衡的活力机制——其背后的逻辑和历史,还是公民、社会、政府交互主体共生的理念!所以,小即是美的孟加拉青年人、社会各阶层、政府了不起;小即是美的阿根廷新总统、社会各界、普通选民了不起;小即是美的苏东各国人民、社会、政府真伟大。
什么叫智慧?智慧就是:通损益,知进退,行共生!这样的智慧,就是交互主体共生的智慧——即愛之智慧!愛之智慧,是一个比任何军队或商队更强大,比任何海洋和天空更辽阔,比任何独裁者或暴君更有力量的“小即是美”的智慧。
甘于居小,是一种智慧,小规模更能发挥大能量,因为万事万物皆有度。正如修马克(E. F. Schumacher)在《小即是美》指出:经济发展只能“到某种程度”、生命只能复杂“到某种程度”、追求效率或生产力只能“到某种程度”、使用无法在利用的资源只能“到某种程度”、完整人性对细密分工只能忍受“到某种程度”、以“科学方法”代替一般常识“到某种程度”。
英国作为最成功也最有文明魅力的海权国家,对欧洲、对世界陆权国家的最大贡献是什么?英国保守党领袖、首相撒切尔夫人生前说过:“我们英国人对欧洲的贡献是非常独特的。数百年来,我们一直努力阻止欧洲陷于单一强国的统治,我们为欧洲的自由而战,并为欧洲的自由而死,要是没有这种战斗、牺牲的意志,欧洲早就实现了统一,但那种统一既无自由可言,也无正义可言。”这听起来似乎令人震惊,却又发人深思!英国“脱欧”成功后,欧洲的国际政治格局,越发显示其增量思维-小即是美的最佳典型案例,相对存量思维-大一统,哪个更富有创意和魅力?答案不言而喻。
在可预见的将来,Intersubjective Symbiosism意识作用下的人类个体和各种共同体组织奋斗的路径和形态,以及所有相应的物化评价标准,都将发生历时性与共时性改变!
小即是美的瑞士联邦,是世上第一个共和国,三十年战争1648年《威斯特伐利亚和约》确立“相互承认即为主权国”的国际秩序,摆脱罗马天主教“选帝权”后,分布在资源贫瘠的阿尔卑斯山上几个州的一部分法兰西人、一部分德意志人、一部分意大利人自愿除外交事务外,各州保有各方面主权的条件下结盟组合而成。
小即是美的新加坡,可以玩淡马锡,保证政府提供公共物品的资金,不搞高税收,保持平等竞争的社会活力与稳定。避免了政府、市场、道德三重失灵!
小即是美的尼德兰,神圣而伟大的贡献不可估量:1、普及了清教伦理(加尔文基督教原理);2、创新了商业组织形态(现代股份制有限责任公司金融市场雏形);3、引导了理性认知自我与宇宙的方向(斯宾诺莎);4、示范了新大陆的文明(五月花号宣言);5、成就了英格兰光荣革命(威廉三世);6、一百五十年后,美利坚合众国成为世界上第二个主权在民的宪政共和国;7、1912年,中华民国(ROC)成为亚洲第一、世界第三个共和国,不幸的是,接着出现“二次革命”“大总统称帝”“苏俄出资同时扶持国共两路党人”“北南并立”“军阀混战”“日本入侵”“三次内战”,形成PRC大陆与ROC退缩台湾分治的格局!
今天,地球的东方这片最大的土地上的人们,也走到新的历史转折关头:是继续“天下为公”的假公济私,强人为王、赢者通吃、循环取代“利出一孔,利入一孔,流氓轮流坐庄”——驭民强国的老套路,还是重建社会“以社会建设为要务”,改弦更张依宪行政(始于1908后,有1912,1946,1954,1978,1982诸多版次),官民Live and let live交互主体,而转化为“小即是美”的社区、市场、政府三大自组织力相互作用共襄生活的联邦共生体制?一种可能的结果是,由此引出“重建有社会的中国特色社会主义共和国——实际上人们将不难发现,中国是工商文明普及全球以来,世界上第一个实行自己独创的共生政体的“立宪共生国”!(参看《中国:共生崛起》,知识产权出版社,2012.5)。
“你中有我、我中有他、他中有你”的交互主体共生思想,超越了自我中心的“自己人与非自己人”的二元对立的主体思想,也超越了“排他性共同体”的泛多元论思想,是处理当今世界人际关系、群际关系、国际关系、星际关系、生态关系的全新思维范式。可望引领超越诸如国际关系中的所谓“修昔底德-升降恐惧陷阱”,官民关系中的所谓“塔西陀陷阱”,人际关系中的“出人头地-信任陷阱”、群际组织关系中的“Trust信托陷阱”,走向共生。
随着AI-AGI技术的发展和普及,人类思维方式、生产方式、生活方式,价值参量与组织形态必将发生空前改变,包括银行、政府、国家在内的一切Trust组织平台如梦幻泡影,大国消亡是必然趋势,取而代之的是小即是美的邦联形态。瑞士不仅是世界第一个共和国,也是世界第一个共生国。瑞士联邦之美,将重新被发现,成为全球国家新形态的楷模。
终止俄乌战争的第三条道路
现代政治文明是以规则为基础的自由和平等,但有两种政体方式:自由×平等法律=民主;自由+不平等法律=专制。
但是,在民主政体与专制政体之外,还有一种和尚打伞无法无天的威权或独裁体制,严格说,是一种结党营私貌似大一统而实际管理混乱,资源极度浪费的举国政体!这种政体,从历时性上,是现代政治文明的反动,却又与民主政体、专制政体共时性存在,是现代政治机体中的肿瘤,会吞噬消耗浪费机体大量能量,造成熵增效应,让机体走向死寂而崩解。
2014克里米亚危机和2022.2.24俄罗斯悍然发动对乌克兰的“特别军事行动”,就是存在于民主政体与专制政体之间的独裁政体,侵蚀现代文明机体的肿瘤扩散案例!这场类似于1939年俄芬“春季战争”的俄乌战争,到今天已经880多天,打成了拉锯战和“生命、资源”消耗战,不仅双方伤亡惨重,而且迫使国际社会自冷战结束三十多年后,重新分裂为民主、专制两种阵营的对垒,二战后包括“联合国安全理事会”和“北大西洋公约组织”在内的所有“国际安全架构”全部失灵。
有趣的是,又是小而美的瑞士联邦,挺身而出,答应牵头举办“瑞士和平峰会”(Summit on Peace in Switzerland),这是是二战后第一次非联合国主持下的世界和平会议,意义深远!
鉴于如果“乌克兰反侵略战争”,不能尽快决胜,或战场上取胜遥遥无期,俄罗斯也显然拖不起,不如尽快先在现有国际法和联合国宪章框架下,实行双方采取“止损”“止盈”终战方式。这里,我作为Intersubjective Symbiosism Foundation公益组织代表,对“瑞士和平峰会”与会者及一切渴望结束战争恢复和平秩序的人们,说三点意见:
第一、2024年初,我应《文化中国》总编辑梁燕城的邀请为118期写的“卷首论语”,提出过一个实现和平的思路和和平方案。当乌克兰战争打到第三个春季,进入相持阶段时,实现“公正和平”的呼声及不同的和平版本,浮上台面。归结起来,无非是以乌克兰总统“十点计划”为核心的版本和以俄罗斯总统“新领土现实”(含克里米亚“主权”)为核心的版本,但是,单方的和平版本无论支持率多少,和平协议都很难达成。我提出介于两者之间的“第三条通道”,就是“止战/止盈”的三条思路:
1、俄罗斯军队分两阶段撤出所有被占领的乌克兰领土(在乌克兰1991年国际公认的边界内) 第一阶段:俄罗斯2022年2月24日。 第二阶段:俄罗斯2014年占领的克里米亚和为确保安全有序撤军,国际维和部队(主要由欧洲国家领导)将撤出所有被占领的乌克兰领土。
2、对五个争议地区及其潜在的新主权的特殊保护 为促进乌克兰重建并解决挥之不去的担忧,乌克兰正式承认五个地区。然而,乌克兰可以同意允许这些地区在严格的国际条约下成为新的主权国家,而不仅仅是承诺“特殊保护”。监督国际组织(联合国托管理事会、联合国人权理事会)和国际维和部队。这种方法并不意味着乌克兰以土地换取和平以确保持久稳定——1994 年《布达佩斯备忘录》就是一个例子)。
3、 政治平衡:俄罗斯最西部地区的新主权国家 作为一种政治平衡行为,俄罗斯孤立的加里宁格勒州(与俄罗斯本土没有陆地边界)也可以在国际监督下被考虑成为潜在的主权国家。这个新国家可以命名为“柯尼斯堡共和国”,以纪念伊曼纽尔康德(《永久和平》的作者)、大卫希尔伯特(著名数学家)和 ETA 霍夫曼(著名作家)。
4、权衡:解除制裁和撤销战争罪指控 作为这些措施的交换,国际社会将: 撤销对俄罗斯领导人入侵乌克兰的战争罪指控。解冻尚未没收的俄罗斯外汇储备。俄罗斯,这个为世界贡献了罗蒙诺索夫、普希金、托尔斯泰、门捷列夫、柴可夫斯基、安德罗波夫、索尔仁尼琴和叶利钦的国家,也必须被允许重建——不能让它完全崩溃。此外,乌克兰和俄罗斯必须最终建立一种新的共存关系。
如果这条“第三条道路”能够实施,它将实现:
1. 永久结束俄罗斯的战略担忧这将消除俄罗斯的地缘政治焦虑,让普京有尊严地退出,防止俄罗斯进一步利用欧洲的资源作为扩张的借口。
2. 解决乌克兰内部的文化和种族冲突这个解决方案将解决乌克兰内部的三个关键紧张局势:宗教分歧(希腊天主教会与俄罗斯东正教会)语言分歧(乌克兰语使用者与俄语使用者)经济分歧(发达的中西部地区与乌克兰可以集中精力进行重建,东部地区及克里米亚可以发展成为小国但富强的国家,类似于瑞士、比利时、芬兰、新加坡、荷兰、卢森堡、波罗的海国家等的成功典范。
3、人工智能时代全球安全重构蓝图这一框架可以作为以联合国为基础重建二战后国际安全体系的样板,为顺应生态文明和人工智能时代的“全球共生公约”提供现实动力。
第二、乌克兰战争结束之后,随着AI技术及哲学革命的普及,2024、2027年始,到2035年,未来已来的十年,超主权、超地缘、超文化的“大而无当,小即是美,交互主体,全球共生”将成为大势所趋!
一种可能的世界格局是:象二战后的英联邦一样,俄罗斯、中国、美国、印度都将蜕变为若干小即是美的共生国。乌克兰实现和平后,俄罗斯为了融入世界拥有未来,必然会重心东移,甚至首都东迁,将杜金的“欧亚主义”,修改为行“亚欧主义”,而且,这样的修改,必定包含递交侵害中国的“投名状”,与欧美各国将经济、政治、军事重心东移,安倍生前提出的“印太战略”,构成一种无形的跨时空意间的呼应,特别是,假如川普2024大选胜出,中国当年背苏投美的历史,大概率将有一个相反的剧本重演,而且,国际社会将慢慢觉察到,这个剧本已经从朝鲜、越南、阿富汗、哈萨克斯坦分配戏码,还会有印度、蒙古、甚至日本角色分工开场。如果“历史自有他的必然性”(黑格尔),其实,即使民主党人如哈里斯接任美国总统(对不起,拜登做对了许多事,但在大战略上显得过于精明而软弱),这个相反的剧本,仍然可能发生!
但是,我把话放在这里:新时代“小即是美”的国家行为体形态,不必再模仿、重复过去的历史事件,而是要弄清自己存在的内容及方式方法,当代人不需要模仿、迷信古代人,历史也不需要刻意地“重演第二次”。
今后,为了让人们能自律、自由、自在地创造生活,凡是发生持续边界物理空间争议地区的当地人们,只要自愿组合,就可以成为一个主权国家。比如当初成立的瑞士、比利时、卢森堡、摩纳哥、新加坡、捷克、斯洛伐克、克罗地亚(领带发明之地),现在的利伯兰(Liberland,位于塞尔维亚和克罗地亚交界的7平方公里的地方),甚至在Web3-AI迅猛发展和普及下,包括突破地缘政治和物理空间限制更充分发挥个人权能及其生命自组织力与外连接平衡力的“网络国家”“微国家”“AI虚拟城市国家”(拥有虚拟物理空间、数字利益相关者,市政厅、协作工作空间、商场、企业孵化器和非同质化代币艺术画廊,及某些所谓“元宇宙”)的出现,也不必大惊小怪,只需要人类富有爱之智慧,改写世界秩序而已。
因此,即使按时至今日依旧怀揣大国沙文主义清秋梦想的杜金,1997年《地缘政治的基础》的构想(俄罗斯数所大学采用为地缘政治相关学科的教科书),一时夺得中国整个北方区域作为所谓“战略缓冲区”,不因为中国,不因为美国,更不因为北约东移,俄罗斯自身仍然会因时代变化内外开放的需要,分解为近40个国家。
而且,中国和俄罗斯一样,即使中国按“杜金戏码”夺得除越南以外的东南亚及澳大利亚,夺得除越南以外的东南亚(包括台湾)及澳大利亚,也将因为“421”结构嫡亲数量的减少、政治帮派的膨胀、经济结构的失衡和衰退,延续数千年的亲族网络及其束缚个人、社会自组织力而“求同存异大一统”的宗法伦理,愈益不合时宜(当代中国人重新回到面对巴金《家》中展现的问题),必然会分家为近30几个“小而美”国家??
最后,轮到美国,可能分离为近38个国家(13个最初独立的小州可能葆有合众国),加拿大至少分家为9个国家(人太少了),印度将分裂为东西南北中5个国家(巴基斯坦不但不会重新并入印度,且很有可能再一分为二)。巴西、阿根廷、印度尼西亚、伊朗继续其“大而小”的国家形式,英联邦(有益无损)将成为“铸剑为犁”的联合国新结构形式……到那时,全球国家级的共生体组织形态的总数,将与地球一年自转365周数大致相当,一日一国庆(地域文化特色,而非政治、经济特色)。于是,大而无当,小即是美,甚至老子的“小国寡民”的国家组织形態,将成为地球村的预言——从而开启这个星球“小而美”的世界新纪元、新天地!(《“小即是美”的国家形态将应运而生》symbiosism.com.cn/7990.html)。
第三、面对“主权(官权)-人权(民权)-工具理性(如AI权)危机”,当今时代,这场战争打得越久,促使人类反思的问题就越多。
我相信,乌克兰取得反侵略战争胜利的划时代意义,必将促使人类更透彻地反思过去500百年“战争与和平”的历史:“三十年战争”后《威斯特伐利亚和约》(1648),二战后《联合国宪章》(1945)和《世界人权宣言》(1948)形成的世界理念,改变作为二战胜利者操纵拼装世界版图的格局——如几个大国设置的联合国安理会常任理事国——而重建世界新秩序,人类将进入包含《AI宪章》内容的《全球共生公约》(Global Symbiosis Convention)新时代。基于《全球共生宣言》(Global Symbiosis Manifesto)与《全球共生公约》,超越“民主-专制-独裁”和“人权-主权-理性工具”冲突,又非排他性“超级世界政府”共同体性质的共生体——“全球共生理事会”(New UN Global Symbiosism Council,可以将“托管理事会”与“人权理事会”合并、更名、充实功能、改变成员构成而来),将应运而生(钱宏主编:《全球共生:化解冲突重建世界秩序的中国学派》Global Symbiosism:Chinese School of Defusing Clashes and Rebuilding the World Order,晨星出版社,2018)。
这样,结束俄乌战争,改写世界秩序,18世纪柯尼斯堡(K?nigsberg)小镇上数学“大卫王”希尔伯特的前辈老乡哲学家康德提出的“永久和平”幻想,就可能成为现实:惟交互主体共生意识的提高普及,“让任何统治全世界的帝国政治企图成为不可能”(《地球新文明:这世界亟需交互主体性的共生智慧!》symbiosism.com.cn/7980.html)。
国际关系学将面临范式重塑
还是那句话,当今世界,总体上不缺技术、不缺资本,国际社会的一切危机,都是哲学危机!
当我写下这个题目时,卓别林在《大独裁者》中借理发师查理之口,说出了“大自然足够慷慨,但奢侈贪婪将毁掉一切”那句话,犹在眼前??而电影《逃往雅典娜》,领导保卫城镇和修道院的教授,有句台词说得更地道:“没什么你方我方,这里只有河流、山脉、村庄、人和家庭,国家是抽象的。”当一个区域的人被奴役剥削,且任何反抗都被官粹(Elitism)精英斥为民粹主义(Populism),这里的山河乡村社区生活被摧毁破坏时,国家不只是抽象,更是空洞而尚黑的!
继解放人的体能的工业革命之后,解放人的智能的Web3-AI时代——建构人类孞联网(MindsWeb)——来临之际,让人类摒弃“东西南北中左右,江湖庙堂农工商”等Trust(信托及价值承兑凭证)中介性排他性共同体的种种优先预置立场(目的),回归交互主体人共生(Intersubjective Symbiosism)成为可能。
所以,观察谷歌、OpenAI、Mate、马斯克们之开源/闭源、放能/吸能、驱动/制动??之争,人类已然超越向左向右、南辕北辙、孰公孰私、激进保守的纠结,而开始明晰反顾:是否偏离生命自组织与外连接动态平衡的生活恒情、恒态、恒道问题,历时性地成为重塑国际关系学的根本课题!
“国家行为体”在新的国际关系学中,将遵循“小即是美(Small is Beautiful)与大而无当(large but impractical)”的哲学认知展开叙事。
这个哲学认知,就是重新发现青年马克思和恩格斯1845年在《德意志意识形态》发现的第一历史原理:“全部历史的第一个前提,无疑是有生命的个人的存在”。只要我们将这一发现,放进Intersubjective Symbiosism语境中,新的意义就显现出来了:个人权能及其生命自组织灵动力与外连接平衡力,是人类社会文明创化的源头活水!
所以,国际关系学的理论建构,不妨搁置所有的主义、范式之争,回归这一事实——能够创造强大个体、家庭和社区生活的国家,才是健康正常真正伟大的臻美共生之国家。一切抽掉个体、家庭、社区“众私”的空洞化的“天下为公”的意识形态之下,无论打出现实主义、理性主义、革命主义的名号,行国家主义(民族主义)、集体主义、官粹主义(Elitism)或民粹主义(Populism)、共产、大同、小康之实,还是冠冕堂皇强词夺理收割个体、家庭、社区,使得自己表面一度看上去无比强大,但是,如果这种冠冕堂皇和无比强大的背后,没有能力创造强大的个体、家庭和社区生活,就必然陷入停滞和僵化。
这是因为它在压抑、扼杀个体、家庭、社区活力(自组织灵动力与外连接平衡力)的同时,必然陷入“集权悖论”——压抑、扼杀个体、家庭、社区的活力集中起来的权力,也注定要落在人格化的某个个体(圣上、“特殊材料做的”领袖、领导同志)身上,而任何单一个体,一旦获得不予设限的特权和资源,其自身注定无法逾越的局限——认知局限、愿行局限、身心灵健康局限,以及结党营私、假公济私的局限,且这种局限绝不会因其掌控了高效集权工具(有兵在、强力部门、数字集权工具)而改变,结果“十亿颗脑袋等于一颗脑袋”(《杜润生文集》1464页)的“大而无当”(Big but useless)顾此失彼的僵尸性历史悲剧必然会上演——集权悖论对一个区域自然、社会和人的身心灵的伤害,是显而易见的,陷入政权更迭宫廷内外六亲不认的窝里斗和“一将功成万骨枯”“兴百姓苦,亡百姓苦”的所谓治乱循环旋涡!
在可预见的将来,Intersubjective Symbiosism意识作用下的人类个体和各种共同体组织奋斗的路径和形态,以及所有相应的物化评价标准,都将发生历时性与共时性改变!
当全球生态文明凸显“增长的极限、对抗的极限、恃强凌弱的极限”三大极限共时性叠加之际,用GDP(国民生产资本增值/减值总值)衡量人类福祉,显然已经非常不合时宜,因为国家、企业单位消耗了天量资源成本所得收益非常有限,只不过比拼GDP的人们把这天量成本驼鸟式地藏在地毯底下视而不见。结果是在比拼这种成本收益不成比例的GDP炫目成果中,迷失了发展经济的目的和方向,即用最少的消耗获得最大的福祉!
这种迷失,同样表现在对科技、政绩的奖励与GDP挂钩上。从人与自然、人与社会、人与自己身心灵健康三大交互主体共生关系上看,只要回归“用最小能耗获得最大福祉”的经济目标,共生智慧要求科技和政治,势必是走向有机、温和、非暴力、优雅、美丽的新方向。
而与这一新方向相恊调的经济参量,就只能是代表国民“时空意间”转换中能效/能耗成本收益率的GDE价值参量,及其自然、社会、家庭、社区、企业、政府六大资源(资产)负债统计表,以衡量人们的政治经济组织行为是否偏离了“生产回归生活,生活呈现生态,生态激励生命,一切为了人的身心灵健康”的基本目标——即用最小能耗获得最大福祉?!由此观之,国家规模、企业规模、经济体规模、以及一切Trust组织规模,都不是越大越好,而是规模恰到好处结构功能正常地体现为“小即是美”的最小消耗获得最大福祉生活方式的创新与再选择。
随着Web3-MindsNetworking、区块链技术的普及和AGI(人工智能)的出现,更使人的社会生活去轴心化成为可能。稀缺性问题的解决,无条件“普遍基本收入(UBI)”成为现实,于是,每个有生命的个人和小即是美的国家,都将充分发挥精神体能及生命自组织力与外连接平衡力,没有大国特权操纵,也没有集团资本垄断,及其勾兑(既沆瀣一气人作韭菜又勾心斗角人当炮灰),任何统治全世界的帝国政治企图都将成为不可能!
国家行为体,于官于民,都将清楚地意识到并自觉遵循Intersubjective Symbiosism思维方式和价值取向,处理人、事、物,质、能、孞,你、我、他(她它祂)全生態关系:天下为公,公中有私、私异而活、和实生物、同则不继,所以,私不可怕,怕就怕以Subject自居,视他(她它祂)为Object,而结黨营私、以黨代公、黨同伐异、同而不和,从而侵犯或僭越别人(他者)生命私域自组织活动的权能,造成“Evil and let eivl”的互害共死局面!于是,中国古人讲究和而不同、君子不黨,西人讲究文明非暴力、私权契约边界、自由通商、法治公平,生命私域自组织与生命公域外连接平衡,存同尊异、开放赋能、间道竞合、降本赋能,从而形成Live and let live的交互主体共生格局!
区别于生態野蛮(战争)的生態文明(和平),Everything Intersubjective Symbiosism(凡事交互主体共生),历时性连接:八大最真福音(希伯来)、六大最善约定和践约(希罗英美)、十大最美观念(印夏先秦)的智慧遗产;共时性贯通:正负微电宿寄主、精卵雄雌你我他,东西南北中左右、江湖庙堂农工商,古今阶段文明愛、科技人文生態美!
国际关系学的社会再平衡理论
既然国际关系学的精神内核,即是天人(自然)、人我(社会)、心物(时空意间)交互主体共生,而交互主体共生又是一个关系过程,那么,全球化的形態就不是静态不变,而是在动态平衡中行进。
从国家行为到国际社会,全球化是一个从“社会资本化”到“资本社会化”的过程,所以,不以任何同质化、排他性的“超级经济共同体”(Super economic community),尤其主权(民族)国家或主权国家“联盟”为单位共同体之“产业链、供应链、价值链三链趋势的零关税、零壁垒、零歧视三零规则”全球化。这就不同于19世纪末至当下,出现的从“东亚共荣圈”“轴心国”,到WTO、G7、G8、G20 ,抑或南南、上合、金砖,包括UN等依次出现的所谓国家联盟或共同体,都或多或少具有“圈子”(Coterie或Tribes)主体支配的诉求和性质——“以圈为体,以方为用”,视圈内“自己人”为主体,圈外(他者)为客体,而圈内又有一个支配性的主体,其余为附庸——所以,重塑后的国际关系学的理论诉求,必然要“超越小圈子,彰显大格局”,因而接下来的国际社会,必是一个“小即是美”“小即是大”的超主权、超地缘、超文明共生体(Global Symbiont)的组织形態,遍布全球。
小即是大,小即是美,是指凸显不同主体的特殊结构功能Intersubjective Symbiosism,展现出来的社会魅力。
于是,为了适应小即是美的新国际格局和生态文明建设的需要,国际关系学研究对象的国家行为体,需要一种具体的社会再平衡理论,加以规范。即通过社会平衡、再平衡权力、资本(资源)分配机制,充分发挥每个人的精神体能及其生命自组织力与外连接平衡力——从追逐“权、钱、性”陷入“忙、盲、茫”奢侈浪费的生活方式,到实行一种人人健康、简约、高尚、富有尊严而可持续健康幸福的自美其美、美人之美、美美与共、共襄生长的普惠生活方式,从而创建一个共生世界!
社会再平衡的第一要义,是组织生态平衡:政府自组织、市场自组织之外引入社会自组织(包括社区性、国际性的各种NGO),形成三大组织力互不隶属相互作用共襄生长的格局,相应的职业、劳动关系,是“佃户制”“雇佣制”向“合作制”“伙伴制”的转变;
社会再平衡第二要义,是行为价值平衡:把经济活动中不同劳动(白领、蓝领、金领)的价值,落实在定价机制的平衡上。比如,加拿大人的做法是,最苦最脏最累的活儿单位价值率最高,比如垃圾工、清洁工、护士等蓝领劳工每小时工资75$、46$,而银行办公室等白领每小时工资15-20$,所以,在这里没有我们中国人那种歧视低端人口的等级观念,妈妈指着街道清洁工教育孩子“你不好好读书,以后就象他/她那样”,这教育背后的深厚文化根基,是秦制汉儒后社会等级固化下的出人头地(宋真宗《劝学篇》书中自有黄金屋颜如玉相诱);
社会再平衡的第三要义,是国民待遇平衡:从生养教育、医疗、退养等福利机制保障(哪怕你只是消费者也是纳税人)完全普及(社会不 “养懒人”,但会“养傻人”“养弱者”),到OpenAI总裁山姆·奥特曼期许的“全民基本收入”( Universal Basic Income)制度设置;
社会再平衡的第四要义,是科技人文平衡:Web3区块链应用分布式去中心化创造的元宇宙,让包括政府、企业、行会等等Trust在内中间人平台机构操控、胁迫、剥削和垄断“解释权”现象,降至最低限度,马斯克们的担忧、奥特曼伊利雅们的磨合展望,人们渐渐懂得,沒有人文的科技是危險(创新胁迫)的,而沒有科技的人文是愚昧(巫术盲目)的,可是似乎忘却了,缺乏哲学思維和價值的科技与人文,依然是沒有方向感沒有靈魂的Flight??惟有新价值、新思维、新生活的创造,永无止境(交互激励是必须,比拼输赢是多余),哲学、科技、人文形態,将继续相互作用共襄生长,追寻和展现无限可能的世界;
社会再平衡的第五要义,是爱之智慧平衡:當代人类遭受何種際遇,政教信仰、科技人文、性别行为,都不得以损害他者(她它祂)为前提的底线思维,在live and let live共生哲学語境下,针对性地交相應用好四大古老金科玉律:1、Do to others as you would have them do to you(金律:待人如己,推己及人),2、Do unto others, do not impose on others(银律:己所不欲,勿施于人),3、To give joy to others as one desires for oneself(铜律:己之所欲,乐施于人),4、An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth(铁律:以眼还眼,以牙还牙)。
这样,国家行为体社会再平衡之精神内核,通过对天人(自然)、人我(社会)、心物(时空意间)三大关系交互主体共生(Intersubjective Symbiosism)的重新定位,终极标准参照系就出来了——一切为了人的身心灵健康!
一切历史的创造,都始于思想创造,一切现实的改变,都始于思维方式与价值取向的改变。现代政治文明的“四大自由”(Freedom of speech、Freedom of worship、Freedom from want、Freedom from fear)与当代生态文明的“三大自组织力”(Citizen self-organization、Society self-organization、Government self-organization)哲学融合——将四大自由寓于三大自组织力之中,亟需一个共生价值公约。
2013年参加第23届世界哲学大会始,在雅典大学,在波茨坦莱布尼茨研究所,在伦敦政治经济学院,在芝加哥大学……访问,我渐渐有了这样一种感悟:我们当代人,注定要自创范式,而不是在现成范式——西方中心主义、东方神秘主义、华夏中心主义——中寻找安身立命之所。
这样一来,神助自助者,普渡自励(弱)者、自律(强)者,无需再来任何地上的外在普渡者(Purdue)、救世主(Savior)、哲人王(Philosopher king)、信托者(Trust)、轴心组织平台的驾驭或代劳,也无需共产、大同、乌托邦,一切皆为心约——律法之约、福音之约、共生之约,新耶路撒冷城建在作为生灵之殿的人的心里,必结绚丽多彩的圣灵之果!于是,像诸多一般知识及学科教育一样,始于一战的作为研究“国家行为体”的国际关系学,也就可以从哪里来回哪里去了!
今天,从轴心时代迈入共生时代之际,我们不难发现,从“自然世”(Naturaropocena)的共生起源,到“人类世”(Anthropocene)的共生底线,再从“人类世”到“地球世”(Earthropocene)的共生灵魂,惟有茫茫宇宙中小小地球的生灵自组织力与外连接平衡力的共生与非共生,決定人们展现张力、穿透力和潜力组合,及其相应的荣辱、毁誉、成敗之光辉??
亲爱的造物主啊!当我置身于浩瀚大海,仰望星空,俯念苍生,忽至亘古长存的冰川,生者如斯夫,消长平衡,不舍昼夜,实实在在地见证着祢的原德真谛,生命竟仅存于逆熵的时空意间之道——造物主的愛之智慧!
孞烎2024年7月1-18日于温哥华-阿拉斯加-温哥华
Email: hongguanworld@gmail.com;Mobile: +1(604)690 6088
Ending the Russia–Ukraine War and Rewriting the World Order
Intersubjective Symbiosism Reshapes “International Relations”
Archer Hong Qian
(Intersubjective Symbiosism Foundation)
Epigraph. Michael Polanyi once observed that “any attempt to rigorously eliminate the human perspective from our picture of the world must lead to absurdity.” By the same token, any political sermon or theoretical construction that attempts to purge the “personal agency—and its intersubjective symbiosis of life’s self-organizing external linkage, balance, and rebalancing”—from the category of the state actor will ultimately plunge the world into disaster.
Table of Contents
From the Warring States era’s positioning of the “state actor”
The cognitive blind spots of contemporary International Relations
Rethinking IR theory
“Small is beautiful”: the state form that is bound to emerge
A third path to end the Russia–Ukraine war
IR faces a paradigmatic reshaping
A social rebalancing theory for International Relations
From the Warring States Era’s Positioning of the “State Actor”
Richard Ned Lebow once wrote that “international political thought is as old as the earliest autonomous political communities” (2008).
In ancient China’s Warring States period there were, broadly, two approaches to what we would now call “international relations.” The first, reflected in Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms, taught that “there is no better way to preserve the state than to secure the people; there is no better way to secure the people than to choose one’s alliances wisely.” Su Qin, who bore the seals of six states, said in effect: the foundation of securing the people lies in choosing allies; if the choice is right, the people are secure; if it is wrong, they are insecure for life. The second approach—associated with the Book of Lord Shang—sought to “rule the people” through five techniques (unify, weaken, exhaust, humiliate, impoverish—and if these fail, kill), thereby strengthening the state. Thus the state actor, the object of IR study, has always had two faces: internal and external. At the core of both lies the same question—by what strategy does the ruler govern the people: by choosing alliances to secure the people, or by ruling the people to strengthen the state?
History records that the “rule-the-people-to-strengthen-the-state” strategy triumphed through the Shang Yang–Li Si–First Emperor reforms, including a “penal-labor economy.” The state grew strong; slaves who excelled at killing could become generals (e.g., Bai Qi, who once buried alive 400,000 surrendered soldiers of Zhao). The strategy of “choosing alliances to secure the people” failed. Paradoxically, after Qin unified the six states, it imposed six “uniformities”—weights and measures, axle width, script, propriety, and territory—through a centrally controlled commandery-county system. Although this facilitated rule, the bloated bureaucracy could not be sustained; “killing the chicken for its eggs,” “draining the pond to catch fish,” and eating up capital led a state of six centuries to collapse in the second generation. The population of the eastern lands shrank dramatically, and the last vestiges of nobility dissipated.
Since then, this school of strategy—power masked by ritual and thaumaturgy—has had repeated successes, yet after twenty-six cycles it has never escaped history’s vortex.
If we hold up these twin “mirrors” to today’s international society, two shadows still appear: so-called states “whose sovereignty rests with the people,” and states “whose sovereignty rests with officials.”
Placed in the modern context of constitutionalism—after the Magna Carta (1215), the English Bill of Rights (1688) and Toleration Act (1689), the Peace of Westphalia (1648), and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)—the key IR question becomes: how does the state actor handle the relationship between sovereignty (official power) and human rights (popular power)? International relations are, in essence, interhuman relations. The prior logical premise is this: the precondition of sovereignty is human rights; human rights are the purpose of the sovereign state. Under the constraints of constitutionalism, other rational and non-rational instruments—statecraft, legal order, technological invention, humanistic trends, goods and services, and even fiat money, tokens, the UN, networks, the web, AI/AGI—can either constrain or empower sovereignty and human rights alike. The crux is the philosophy one adopts.
Today, nuclear energy, transport, AI, and bio-engineering have amassed enormous power without matching wisdom—the wisdom of love. Before Cartesian dualism, the divinity of the “love of wisdom” overwhelmed humanity and rationality; afterward, rationality (systems, engineering, instruments) overwhelmed divinity. For the past century and a half, speculation about the future has migrated from philosophers to engineers, politicians, and adventurers; humanity drifts in a pluralistic ecology without a clear compass, with good and evil hard to discern.
As the global theme shifts from “peace and development” to “war and conflict,” analyses framed as “ruling vs. securing the people,” “forging vs. choosing alliances,” “East vs. West,” “Left vs. Right,” “Elitism vs. Populism,” “liberal vs. conservative,” all rest on subject–object dualism. Rulers exercising sovereign power treat themselves as Subjects and those who should exercise human rights as Objects. This mindset is utterly unsuited to escaping the perils of rational tools that both fail and run amok—especially as AI and bio-engineering move from the external world into the human body and mind, directly shaping human ways of living.
Engineers and philosophers must once again work hand in hand. Large language models, brain–computer interfaces, and the calibration of sovereignty and human rights all require philosophical support and integration. The age ahead needs consensus and covenants animated by the wisdom of love so that AI serves love, and humanity, rationality, and divinity become an intersubjective symbiotic process—thereby averting ecological wars born of crises in nature (including the human body) and society (including multiculturality). A third world war is not impossible; nor is an Anthropocene extinction that drags down the biosphere that has survived sixty million years since the fifth mass extinction—unless we choose wisdom.
In A Brief History of Symbiosis: Children of the Universe (2018) we cited Annalee Newitz’s Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction and posed the same question: Can humanity get through this?
The Cognitive Blind Spots of Contemporary International Relations
Yes—can humanity get through this?
Across the major Western schools—old/new realism, old/new liberalism (rationalism), and old/new revolutionary thought—formulas have changed, but one constant remains: treating the state actor as the unquestioned Subject that commands sovereignty, human rights, and instrumental rationality, often bypassing constitutional limits. Whether a system is labeled capitalist, socialist, or statist, the question of whether it works in human terms is too often left unasked.
IR also venerates a Talleyrand-style diplomacy—dexterous, influential, yet faithless. As Chinese say, “the truly able read the times.” Kissinger, author of Leaders and World Order, argued one could build relations with any state irrespective of regime type or human rights—interest above all—and criticized Trump and Biden for placing moral principles over interests. In this sense, Kissinger was the twentieth century’s Talleyrand in IR.
In today’s world, states face two broad choices of political economy. One is enlarging the pie—“everyone can eat”—with no single ladle-holder, fostering innovation and exchange. The other is equal slicing of a fixed pie—“everyone must eat”—which presupposes a ladle-holder who plans and allocates, often producing involution. One is a wisdom-driven, incremental, innovative approach that lets the people recuperate; the other is a power-driven, stock-dividing, leveling approach that extracts from the people. At root, the divide is between a power-centric “our own men” and a rights-centric “we the people.”
Where “everyone must eat,” systems often devolve into national-glory-ism—counting political scores rather than economic ones. The cultural toolkit—I Ching, Vegetable Roots Discourse, The Art of War, Standards for Being a Good Student and Child, Stratagems, Thick Black Theory, Elementary Learning—is repurposed for life-planning, politics, market timing, and management: all-hearing, all-seeing, clearing the field. In the end, either no one has a way forward, or all go down together.
Paradoxically, people-centered capitalism (“everyone can eat”) is true: aggregate wealth grows through the accretion of countless private efforts; satiation and warmth foster rights in common and tolerance in difference. Because a public-spirited people-centrism boosts society’s self-organization, it is capitalism with society. By contrast, official-centered socialism (“everyone must eat”) is false: aggregate wealth shrinks as resources are consumed; hunger and cold breed breach of contract, privilege-seeking, and monopoly; people become chives to be cut, or cannon fodder. Because factional official-centrism kills social capital, it is socialism without society.
Few in the IR community or among Western politicians and capitalists have noticed (Trump may be an exception) that—had Russia not reneged on the Budapest Memorandum and invaded Ukraine (2014–2022)—the Russian Federation from the 1990s to Medvedev’s presidency (2008) was experimenting with a path between “capitalism with society” and “socialism without society”: a societal, capital-enabled statism that delivered real welfare gains (see World Bank 2009; Original Virtue: The Philosophy of Great Powers, 2012). For a world supposedly fixated on “peace and development,” this is a historical irony.
All creatures seek benefit and avoid harm. If we cannot live and let live, we will evil and let evil. The crux for any state actor is this: is its foundation the people or the officials? Society or party-clique? Philosophically, is our lens subject–object dualism or Intersubjective Symbiosism?
Whether humanity survives the Anthropocene depends on understanding this common-sense premise of Intersubjective Symbiosism.
Whatever the “-ism,” slogans, or promises, when viewed through this lens the three grand schools of IR (with occasional attention to non-state actors and IOs) share the same lacuna: their primary object of analysis remains the state actor.
This leads to a shared blind spot: whenever a self-styled Subject treats the Other—whether another state, living individuals, or natural communities—as an Object to be dominated and plundered, producing conflict or war, IR either rationalizes acceptance (realism) or tolerates/appeases in the name of wholes (revolutionism). It largely ignores the generative, dynamic, and synergistic significance of individual living agency, thereby licensing arbitrariness toward others’ sovereignty and uncertainty in international relations (e.g., the Anschluss and partitions of the 1930s; today’s “special military operation” against Ukraine; the October 7 conflict). The result is ex post facto explanation rather than foresight—no robust theoretical direction for resolution, and blind zones regarding the intersubjective state of human rights–sovereignty–plural ecologies. No major IR theory foresaw the end of the Cold War, the repeated breakdown of UNSC great-power unanimity, or the societal impact of aircraft, smartphones, satellites, the web, computing, AI, and non-fossil energy.
Rethinking IR Theory
Per Wikipedia’s synthesis, International Relations (IR) studies the world system and its interactions. As a subfield of political science, it is entwined with philosophy, economics, history, law, geography, anthropology, sociology, and psychology. From globalization to sovereignty, human rights, territorial disputes, nuclear crises, nationalism, terrorism, climate change, poverty and hunger, sovereign polities, non-state actors, and IOs (UN, EU, AU, free-trade areas): all are IR topics.
IR’s disciplinary self-consciousness dates to post-WWI. In 1919, the Aberystwyth chair marked a beginning; LSE and the Graduate Institute in Geneva followed in 1927; Chicago launched graduate study in 1928. Since 2000, realism, liberalism (rationalism), and constructivism have co-existed as three pillars; the object of study includes states, non-state actors, and IOs. Each school emphasizes different lenses from ideas to events across “global problems.”
Before IR became a discipline, thinkers had long pondered these issues. As noted at the outset, both “choosing alliances to secure the people” and “ruling the people to strengthen the state” implicate IR. Martin Wight’s survey helps sketch three traditions. For realists (Thucydides, Machiavelli, Bodin, Hobbes, Hume, Hegel), international anarchy means no authority above sovereign states; war becomes the ultimate arbiter. Hobbes held that social contracts tame the war of all against all within societies, but such contracts among states are impossible: “Every commonwealth enjoys absolute liberty, to do whatever serves its interest.”
By contrast, liberal/rationalist thinkers (Grotius, Locke, Bentham, Burke, Mill, Wilson) see IR first as international intercourse: sustained, institutionalized diplomacy and trade that discipline politics. Locke argued the state of nature is free but not licentious; humans are social by nature, disposed to peaceful and rational life; war is a deviation from reason.
Revolutionists (Rousseau, Kant, Marxists, anarchists) maintain that although no authority stands above states, humanity forms a moral-cultural whole governed by obligations. Kant’s Perpetual Peace envisioned a league of nations emerging from reason. In Marxist futurity, the state withers away and a classless global society emerges.
Yet all these bear an epistemic flaw: subject–object dualism, with the Subject dominating the Object. For realists the Subject is state power; for liberals, organized intercourse; for revolutionists, a moral–cultural whole; for constructivists (neo-classical, post-modern, natural), a structure of ideas.
The failure of any IR theory to predict the end of the Cold War triggered a crisis of paradigm and method, the rise of post-positivism (reflectivism), and the ascent of constructivism (from 1989), culminating in Wendt’s Social Theory of International Politics (1999). Constructivists rightly ask how social constructs are possible and emphasize culture shaping identities and interests. Yet “ideas” themselves often embody power—the Subject in another guise.
IR must confront the problems inherent in its own object of study—for today’s most urgent problems demand it.
Since WWII the world has moved from the 1970s “stagflation” to a plethora of “global problems” (Ban Ki-moon): a global symbiosis crisis in which human rights, sovereignty, and AI collide. The Westphalian + UDHR order must be renewed.
Since 2012 we have sought to build consensus through the Global Symbiosis Forum (GSF) toward a Global Symbiosism Convention—new rules for Human Rights–Sovereignty–AI intersubjective symbiosis—“reforming the UN” by establishing a Global Symbiosis Council, and localizing the style of existence into “small is beautiful” choices across states–organizations–communities.
Thus the canonical Subjects—“state power,” “organized intercourse,” “moral–cultural whole,” “ideational structures”—lack a genetic, dynamic, and synergistic foundation: the personal agency of living individuals as intersubjective beings.
When schools center the Subject’s dominance—power, intercourse, wholes, or ideas—they neglect the basic fact that the first premise of all history (Marx) is living personal agency interacting intersubjectively—only then can relations be mutually encouraging, constraining, and enabling, remaking the normal state of interhuman/international relations.
Return to life: personal agency is “complete in itself yet never solitary.” In three planes—human and nature, human and society, human and self (body–mind–spirit)—its essence is creative harmony in difference. Hence personal agency unfolds as an intersubjective process of self-organization and external linkage–balance.
Any abstraction of “state power,” “organized intercourse,” “moral–cultural whole,” or “ideational structure” that is cut off from living personal agency becomes an instrument for coercing and kidnapping persons, bereft of legitimacy, dignity, and nobility.
Hence the muddle in IR around globalization, sovereignty, human rights, territorial disputes, nuclear crises, nationalism, terrorism, climate, poverty, hunger, sovereign polities, non-state actors, and IOs—and the growing normality, in the AI era, of personal self-organization and external linkage–balance across life.
IR theory must therefore be reshaped. We must re-define the three great relations and complete a move from “you and I as insiders” to you, I, and the whole ecology of others—preserving commonality while honoring difference; channeling competitive cooperation; lowering costs and empowering; redeeming and sharing flourishing.
Everything Intersubjective Symbiosism
Across the three great relations—human–nature (heaven–human), human–society (self–other), human–self (mind–matter):
Not “separation of heaven and human,” nor “fusion into one,” but intersubjective symbiosis—requiring fresh accounts of God and human, one and many, individual and whole, difference and sameness, virtue and way, yin and yang, latent and manifest, void and solid, essence and function, true and false, being and non-being, subject and object…
Not “self–other antagonism,” nor “self–other identity,” but intersubjective symbiosis—resetting relations of interpersonal, intergroup, international, intergenerational, East–West, Left–Right, right–wrong, friend–foe, official–people (ruler–ruled, labor–capital, strong–weak), health–illness, supply–demand, righteousness–interest, security–risk, authority–freedom, desire–constraint, norms of culture, trust and fidelity, action…
Not “materialism” nor “idealism,” but mind–matter intersubjective symbiosis—re-locating space–time, motion–stillness, light–dark, rule–measure, macro–micro, true–false, good–evil, beautiful–ugly, wise–foolish, walls–windows, bounded–unbounded…
Concurrently, observe the 15 inventions that transformed life since the mechanical and electrical ages—mostly in communications and transport (phone, computer, HSR, aircraft, fiber optics, satellites, washer, TV, car, LCD, metro, elevator, AC, chips, internet). Why? Because once communication is fully open and transport is fully covered, the next frontier is energy self-sufficiency. Under this “threefold completeness,” production and life move from cost-down empowerment to the elimination of scarcity. The AGI–MindsNetworking era—a symbiotic society of near-zero marginal cost—becomes thinkable.
MIT researchers (e.g., Jiadi Zhu et al.) have demonstrated low-temperature processes to integrate 2D semiconductors directly onto silicon, promising better processes and faster fabrication. When nano self-powering or micro-fusion devices integrated with AGI permeate life, universal basic income (UBI) and the end of material poverty are no longer dreams. An industrial-commercial civilization centered on rights evolves into an ecological civilization centered on symbiosis. The medium of shared life (chiefly spiritual value) will no longer be sovereign currency but symbiosis tokens with agreed redemption value—superseding sovereignty, geography, and sectors—circulating across autonomous, regional, and planetary communities.
Looking across history’s three civilizational logics—land power, sea power, human rights—we see layered evolution and synchronous optimization:
Agrarian (land-power) civilization: possession of land/resources; feudal states; clan glory; kinship covenants.
Industrial–commercial (sea-power) civilization: possession of capital/resources; free passage; commerce favoring agriculture; service to the people; gospel covenant.
Ecological (human-rights) civilization: conversion efficiency of resources; intersubjectivity; self-organization; dynamic balance of linkages; symbiosis covenant.
Thus peoples in different civilizational states must adjust their structures and functions—selecting and innovating for an ecological civilization that dissolves axis wars and transcends civilizational clashes, rebuilding world order toward perpetual peace and global symbiosis.
“Small Is Beautiful”: The State Form That Is Bound to Emerge
Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong noted in his 2024 New Year address that some societies have grown divided and fragile because leaders place self-interest above the national interest; in issues like the Israel–Hamas conflict, we must remain tolerant and respectful.
A mature statesman, Lee identifies how elites who control TRUST platforms crowd out public interest; his remedy is mutual tolerance and respect among persons, groups, and states—both value orientation and pragmatic method.
Philosophically, this is Intersubjective Symbiosism.
What does it mean?
In personhood, expand the “you and I” insider worldview to a holographic “you, I, and he/she/it/Thou” worldview.
In organization, transform exclusive communities centered on power (“our own men”) into ecological symbionts normed by rights (“we the people”).
In scale, convert unitary, nation-as-firm systems (great clans, conglomerates, empires) into a federal interplay of community–market–government as three self-organizing powers.
As Professor Ma Jun of the National Defense University quipped, “a large frame rarely ends well”—Greater Russia, Greater Serbia, Greater Germany, Greater Japan. Why insist on a “Greater China”? In symbiosis terms, “greatness” signals a self-centered Subject that prioritizes privileged access to resources and treats others as Objects to be managed—thus pursuing unification in politics, economy, and culture under a monopoly of power and privilege. This is a pathology—ill-suited to the Web3–AI era. All things have limits: large but impractical; small yet beautiful.
The louder the call for “greatness,” the smaller the result. Emphasizing the personal agency of “small is beautiful,” together with life’s self-organization and external linkage–balance that aggregate into social power while limiting state power—that is true greatness and justice.
Leaving aside regime labels (democratic, autocratic), observe recent events—Bangladesh’s abolition of quota reservations; Argentina’s assault on elite privilege; China’s 1989 anti-profiteering movement; the 1991 Eastern European transformations; Ukraine’s resistance to invasion. Each tackles the contradiction between a massive superstructure and an overburdened economic base. Each is a victory of intersubjective symbiosis.
Wisdom means sensing gains and losses, knowing advance and retreat, and practicing symbiosis. The wisdom of love is stronger than any army or caravan, more expansive than seas and skies, and more powerful than any tyrant—precisely because it is small yet beautiful.
E. F. Schumacher wrote in Small Is Beautiful: development can only proceed “up to a point.” Life, complexity, efficiency, non-renewable resources, the division of labor, and scientific method each has a proper limit.
As Margaret Thatcher put it, Britain’s unique contribution to Europe was to prevent its subjugation to a single power; freedom and justice would have vanished under such unity. After Brexit, Europe’s politics illustrate that incremental, small-is-beautiful logics outperform stock-dividing, unitary ones in creativity and appeal.
The Swiss Confederation—the world’s first republic—was born when alpine cantons of French, German, and Italian speakers freely federated under the Westphalian recognition of sovereignty. Singapore’s Temasek model funds public goods without punitive taxation, maintaining fair competition and social vitality. The Netherlands’ sacred contributions include Calvinist ethics, corporate/financial invention, Spinoza’s rationalism, the Mayflower legacy, the Glorious Revolution, and templates for the U.S. (1776) and China (1912).
The East now stands at a new turn: continue faux-“all under heaven” patrimonialism—winner-take-all cycles—or rebuild society with constitutional administration and a federal symbiosis of community–market–government. A “Constitutional Symbiosis Republic” would amount to an original symbiotic polity (China: The Symbiotic Rise, 2012).
“In you there is me; in me there is him; in him there is you.” This vision transcends insider–outsider binaries and exclusionary pluralism, providing a paradigm for interpersonal, intergroup, international, interstellar, and ecological relations—bypassing Thucydidean traps, Tacitus traps, mistrust traps, and trust-platform traps.
As AI–AGI spreads, our modes of thought, production, life, values, and institutions will be transformed. Banks, governments, and states—as TRUST intermediaries—will look increasingly illusory; great powers will wither, replaced by confederal small-is-beautiful forms. Switzerland—the first republic—will be rediscovered as the first symbiotic state.
A Third Path to End the Russia–Ukraine War
Modern political civilization rests on rules of freedom and equality:
Freedom × equal law = democracy;
Freedom + unequal law = autocracy.
Beyond these lies a monk-with-umbrella world of bald illegality—personalist authoritarianism disguised as national unity: factionalism, chaos, and waste. The 2014 Crimea crisis and Russia’s 2022 invasion exemplify how such systems metastasize within modernity. This war, now a grinding war of attrition, has split the world into camps and exposed the failures of post-war security architectures (UNSC, NATO).
Notably, small-but-beautiful Switzerland stepped forward to convene a Summit on Peace—the first major peace conference not under UN auspices since WWII.
If Ukraine cannot rapidly achieve victory and Russia cannot sustain the war, both should pursue stop-loss/stop-gain within international law and the UN Charter. Speaking for the Intersubjective Symbiosism Foundation, I offered three ideas (expanded here as four): staged Russian withdrawal; special protection and possible neutral micro-states for five disputed regions under international trusteeship/peacekeeping; a political counterbalance by transforming Kaliningrad into a “Republic of K?nigsberg”; and trade-offs—lifting sanctions and war-crime charges conditional on compliance and reparations from frozen assets. This could: (1) end Russia’s strategic anxiety and permit a dignified exit; (2) resolve Ukraine’s religious, linguistic, and economic fissures through neutral small states; (3) provide a template to rebuild the post-1945 security order for the AI era through a Global Symbiosism Convention.
Looking ahead to 2024–2035, as AI and philosophical renewal spread, a trend toward large-no-longer / small-is-beautiful / intersubjective / global symbiosis will assert itself. Major polities may evolve into clusters of small symbiotic states. Micro- and network-states—including Web3/AI-enabled city-states with virtual/physical space, digital stakeholders, town halls, cowork hubs, marketplaces, incubators, and NFT galleries—should not alarm us. With the wisdom of love, they can rewrite the world order.
Even if geopoliticians dream of Eurasian blocs, the tide will fragment monoliths into dozens of small polities. Similar logics could reshape China, the U.S., Canada, India, and others—toward many small and beautiful states and looser commonwealths—ushering in a new epoch where one day, one national day celebrates cultural regions rather than political–economic domination.
The longer this war lasts, the deeper our reflections on sovereignty (official power), human rights (popular power), and instrumental rationality (e.g., AI). Ukraine’s eventual victory would catalyze a reconstruction of world order around a Global Symbiosism Convention (including an AI Charter) and a Global Symbiosism Council (a reformed trusteeship/human rights council), making imperial world-rule impossible and translating Kant’s dream of perpetual peace into institutional reality.
IR Faces a Paradigmatic Reshaping
In sum, the world lacks neither technology nor capital; it suffers a philosophical crisis.
As films like The Great Dictator remind us, nature is generous but greed destroys; and as Escape to Athena puts it, “There is no ‘our side’ and ‘their side’—only rivers, mountains, villages, people, and families. The state is abstract.” When people are enslaved and any resistance is branded populism by elites, the nation becomes not only abstract but hollow and dark.
With Web3–AI building a MindsWeb, humanity can shed exclusionary TRUST intermediaries and return to intersubjective symbiosis. Debates over open vs. closed, throttle vs. release, public vs. private recede before the central question: have we drifted from life’s self-organization and dynamic balance?
In the new IR, the state actor is narrated through the philosophy of small-is-beautiful vs. large-but-impractical. Rediscovering Marx and Engels’s 1845 first premise—“the first premise of all history is the existence of living individuals”—we now place it in an intersubjective symbiosism context: personal agency, with self-organization and external linkage–balance, is the living spring of civilization.
Thus theoretical construction should set aside “isms” and paradigms and return to this fact: a great state is one that creates strong individuals, families, and communities. Any vacuous ideology that drains the “many privates” of persons, families, and communities—whether under realist, liberal, or revolutionary banners; whether nationalist, collectivist, elitist, populist—may seem mighty, but if it cannot create strong personal and communal life, it will stagnate.
This is the paradox of centralization: by suppressing personal–family–community vitality, power concentrates in a personified sovereign whose inherent limitations (cognition, will, health, factionalism, self-dealing) cannot be overcome by efficient tools. “A billion heads become one head.” The outcome is zombie-like tragedy, palace struggles, and cycles of misery.
As ecological civilization confronts the limits of growth, antagonism, and bullying, GDP becomes an obsolete metric—it hides colossal resource costs under the rug. The true aim is maximum well-being at minimal energy cost. Rewards for science and governance should align with this aim, steering toward organic, gentle, non-violent, elegant, beautiful pathways.
Accordingly, we propose GDE (a value parameter of energy-efficiency across “spatio-temporal interspace”) and comprehensive balance sheets across nature, society, family, community, enterprise, and government to judge whether organization has strayed from “production returns to life; life manifests ecology; ecology animates life; all for bodily–mental–spiritual health.” Size—of nations, firms, economies, and TRUST organizations—is not “the bigger the better,” but appropriate scale achieving maximal well-being at minimal cost.
With Web3–MindsNetworking, blockchain, and AGI, society can decenter; UBI becomes feasible; individuals and small-is-beautiful states can flourish without great-power privilege or monopoly capital. Imperial world-rule becomes impossible.
Both officials and citizens will consciously apply intersubjective symbiosism to all relations among persons and things, qualities and energies, selves and others—public within the private, difference within commonality, harmony without sameness—forming a live and let live pattern of symbiosis.
Unlike the barbarism of ecological war, ecological civilization (peace)—Everything Intersubjective Symbiosism—links, diachronically, the truest eight gospels (Hebraic), kindest six covenants (Graeco-Anglo-American), and most beautiful ten ideas (Indic–Sinitic). Synchronically, it connects micro-charge to macro-life; male–female to you–I–others; all directions and stations of life to a fusion of love, science, and ecological beauty.
A Social Rebalancing Theory for International Relations
If IR’s spiritual core is intersubjective symbiosis across nature, society, and mind, then globalization is not static but dynamic balance.
From state behavior to international society, globalization proceeds from the capitalization of society to the socialization of capital—not through homogenizing, exclusive “super-economic communities” (especially not sovereign nation-states or blocs) that operate via inside–outside coteries with a dominant Subject. Instead, IR must transcend small circles and embrace grand patterns, moving toward a world of small yet great symbiotic forms beyond sovereignty, geography, and civilization.
“Small is great/beautiful” means revealing each Subject’s special structure–function in intersubjective symbiosis—the true charm of society.
To adapt to this, IR needs a social rebalancing framework for state actors:
Organizational ecological balance: alongside government and market self-organization, introduce social self-organization (NGOs, communities, international civil society) so three powers co-create; labor relations shift from tenancy and wage-labor toward cooperative–partnership forms.
Behavioral value balance: reset pricing so that different kinds of labor are valued fairly. In Canada, for example, the dirtiest and hardest work (garbage collectors, cleaners, nurses) commands higher hourly pay than white-collar banking work—thus curbing class contempt.
National-treatment balance: universalize welfare guarantees from birth, education, health, and retirement (society does not “feed the lazy,” but it will support the vulnerable), progressing toward UBI.
Tech–humanities balance: Web3 and decentralization minimize intermediated coercion and monopoly by governments, firms, guilds, and TRUSTs. Without the humanities, technology is dangerous; without technology, the humanities are blind; without philosophy and values, both are directionless. Only new values, new thinking, and new ways of life—mutually inspiring rather than zero-sum—can open the infinite.
Balance of the wisdom of love: in a live and let live ethos, apply four golden rules as context requires—(i) do to others as you would have them do to you; (ii) do not impose on others what you do not desire; (iii) be generous with what you desire for yourself; (iv) an eye for an eye (the iron rule) when necessary to defend boundaries without cruelty.
Re-locating the three great relations under intersubjective symbiosism yields a final criterion: everything for the bodily–mental–spiritual health of persons.
All creation begins in thought; all change begins in mind and value. Fuse the four freedoms (speech, worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear) with the three self-organizing powers (citizens, society, government) so that freedoms inhabit self-organization—under a covenant of symbiosis.
Since the 23rd World Congress of Philosophy (2013)—from Athens and Potsdam to LSE and Chicago—I have come to this conviction: our generation must create its own paradigm, not live under Western-centrism, Eastern mysticism, or Sinoscentrism.
Thus grace helps those who help themselves; the weak are encouraged, the strong self-disciplined. No earthly savior, philosopher-king, TRUST overlord, or utopia is required. All rests in the covenants of law, gospel, and symbiosis. The New Jerusalem is built in the living temple of the human heart. As with basic education, so with IR as the study of “state actors”: it can now return whence it came.
Standing at the threshold from the axial age to the symbiotic age, we see that from the Natural Age (Naturaropocene) to the Anthropocene and on to the Earthropocene, it is the symbiosis—or its lack—of life’s self-organization and external linkage–balance on this small blue planet that determines humanity’s tension, penetration, potential, and the lights and shadows of honor and disgrace.
O Creator! When I stand by the boundless sea, gaze at the stars, and bow before all living beings—when I come upon ancient glaciers that ebb and flow yet endure—I behold Your Original Virtue: life subsists in the way of negative-entropy spatio-temporal interspace—the wisdom of love of the Creator.
孞烎, Vancouver–Alaska–Vancouver, July 1–18, 2024