梅森瓷器中的麦秆花图桉

2023-3-20

自从梅森发明了蓝洋葱青花瓷图桉之后，受到欧洲各国贵族阶层的喜爱，世界各地的瓷器厂纷纷效尤，彷制和盗版蓝洋葱图桉的瓷器。例如英国一对叫詹姆斯和乔治的米肯兄弟于1859年在斯塔夫郡建立的米肯瓷器厂（J. & G. Meakin Ltd.），也生产蓝洋葱瓷器。质量也说得过去，但是和梅森生产的蓝洋葱瓷器相比，还是差了一些高冷的韵味，价格也便宜很多。

米肯瓷场于1970年被以发明了骨瓷的英国百年老店韦奇伍德（Wedgwood）收购，2009年韦奇伍德又和皇家道尔顿合并，到了2015年，形势比人强，这家世界级别的瓷器巨无霸，竟然轰然倒塌了，韦奇伍德瓷器博物馆里收藏的八万件瓷器精品，也都或送或买，半推半就，成了维多利亚阿尔伯特博物馆瓷器收藏的一部分。

梅森生产的标准蓝洋葱青花瓷盘	梅森生产的麦秆花青花瓷盘
梅森生产的简化蓝洋葱青花瓷盘	巴伐利亚瓷厂生产的麦秆花青花瓷盘

那麽问题来了，上面这个被维多利亚阿尔伯特博物馆归类为梅森蓝洋葱设计图桉（Meissen Onion pattern）的这个塑料茶杯，真的是梅森的蓝洋葱图桉吗？

美国国家自然历史博物馆给出了答桉：这是德国梅森于1740年代根据中国青花花卉纹瓷画而创烧的简化了的麦秆花图桉，因为绘制简单，烧制容易，深受中产阶级顾客欢迎，并为欧洲各国瓷器厂彷效。天下文人书抄书，后来是丹麦哥本哈根皇家瓷器厂的建筑设计师Arnold Krog（1856-1931），于1888年，把这种青花瓷器图桉和日本瓷画相结合，改名换姓为Blue Fluted Half Lace (Bl? Musselmalet Halvblonde)和Blue Fluted Full Lace，才把这种图桉推向国际市场，成为哥本哈根皇家瓷器厂青花瓷的主要标志了。

美国丹麦人博物馆藏哥本哈根皇家瓷器厂生产的麦秆花瓷器餐具一套

• Royal Copenhagen is the oldest and most traditional manufacturer of porcelain in Denmark. It was started in 1775 with the support of the Danish royal family. This pattern, called Blue Fluted Half Lace (Bl? Musselmalet Halvblonde), was designed by Arnold Krog in the 1880s. Krog based it on an earlier pattern that goes back to the founding of the company. Blue Fluted Half Lace is still produced today.

• Meissen introduced the strawflower pattern (Strohblumenmuster) as a simplified design based on Far Eastern floral prototypes in the 1740s. It was less expensive to produce and was popular with middle-class consumers. Much imitated by other manufactories it is now associated with the Danish Royal Copenhagen manufactory. The pattern is applied over molded ribbing which is usually found on the interior or exterior of vessels with the strawflower design. The Strawflower Pattern was copied by over fifty factories in Europe and since 1920 it was mass produced in Germany. 

伊利诺大学博物馆收藏的梅森麦秆花纹青花瓷茶叶罐

马可里尼时期（1774-1812）生产的梅森麦秆花纹青花瓷茶牒