中国外销瓷上的印度玫瑰

作者:席琳
发表时间:
+-

2026-5-20


在乾隆时代出口到欧洲的外销瓷上面的花卉图案中,有一幅是被称为印度玫瑰的(Indian Rose)。


chinese_qianlong_puce_teapot-min.jpg


IMG_3059.jpeg


IMG_3061.jpeg


实际上,这些瓷器纹样与印度没有一毛钱的关系,也并非对真实玫瑰花卉的简单描摹。许多被后人视作西洋风格的花卉装饰,更多是欧洲陶瓷艺术再创造的产物。1720年,德国梅森瓷厂的宫廷画师约翰·格里戈里乌斯·赫罗尔特(Johann Gregorius Horoldt,1696-1775)在吸收中国和日本瓷器装饰元素的基础上,又融入蔷薇、菊花等欧洲植物纹样与巴洛克装饰趣味,经过重新组合与艺术加工,形成了一套兼具东方想象与欧洲审美特色的装饰语言。


Johann Gregorius Horoldt (1696-1775)-1.jpg


赫罗尔特是梅森瓷器(Meissen)历史上最伟大的瓷器画家和色彩配方化学家。首先,是他发明了颜色。在1720年之前,欧洲瓷器只有青花。是他研发出了红、绿、黄、紫等全套能在高温下烧制的不褪色的珐琅彩颜料。


  • Johann Gregorius Horoldt (1696-1775) was a painter at the royal court in charge of painting at the Meissen factory. Horoldt’s painting during his early phase were heavily influenced by East Asian modes and motifs. He is famed for his fantasy world chinoiseries influenced by Chinese and Japanese artefacts. Alongside these, under his direction, were created decorations of fleurs des Indes – flowers of the Far East usually ‘enlivened’ by the presence of brightly coloured birds and insects or animals. Through experimentation he developed techniques to make the porcelain whiter so as to better display the range of enamel colours he introduced, greens, yellows, purples and browns.


Horoldt-Indian-Flowers


Meissen, (1725-1735) Hans C. Syz Collection, National Museum of American History


其次,也是他定义了风格:上面提到的印度花卉(Indianische Blumen)以及著名的中国风情画(Chinoiserie),正是由他在1720年代亲手设计并推向巅峰的,可以说是他赋予了梅森瓷器长达三百年的色彩灵魂。


  • The above pattern ‘Indian flowers’ Indianische Blumen is one of the oldest decorative motifs applied to Meissen porcelain dating back to 1720. East Asian stylistic references are described as ‘Indian’ as East Asian porcelain was shipped to Europe by the East India Companies and stylistically bear little or no relation to India. This pattern became a signature style of Meissen and continues to be used today.


上面这一段,换成了人话就是说:


  • 印度花卉是梅森瓷器(Meissen)最古老的经典图案,从1720年一直用到今天。虽然名字叫印度玫瑰,但它其实是东亚风格(中国和日本风格)。因为当时欧洲人购买的东亚瓷器都是东印度公司转运的,这只是个历史误称,跟真正的印度没什么关系。


这和美洲印第安人的名字是误打误撞一样,当时的欧洲人深受马可波罗游记的影响,购买亚洲的好东西茶叶瓷器丝绸之类。通过荷兰的东印度公司转运,他们也误以为这些东亚来的好东西都是从印度来的,都贴印度标签。


PW1.max-1000x1000.jpg


粉彩描金花卉纹花口盘.jpg


这么多年来,三哥们也心安理得默默享用不做辩白,名字就这么,阴差阳错,给误传下来了。